Analyses of 0.1N HCl extracts of ash (slag + fly ash) samples from bituminous coal revealed high concentrations of K, Ca, and Fe and intermediate concentrations of P, Mg, Cu, Mn, and Zn. Of the elements analyzed, the extractable concentrations increased as particle size decreased from >1,000 µm to <105 µm. The slightly acidic ashes were mixed with Troup sandy loam (Grossarenic Paleudults) at rates of 5, 10, and 20% (“fine” ash) by weight and equilibrated in a glasshouse for 1 mo before planting. “Coarse” ash was used at only the 10% rate. Corn (Zea mays L.) and bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) yields from ash‐amended soils were statistically equal to yields from a control treatment (no fertilizer or ash added) but significantly lower than fertilized (N‐P‐K) treatment. Corn exhibited P deficiency symptoms while symptoms characteristic of B toxicity occurred in beans. Analyses of tissues of both crops indicated that P concentrations were at deficiency levels while Cu, Mn, and Zn were deficient to marginal. Iron, however, appeared to be in the normal range. Salinity as indicated by EC of leachate of 3 mmhos/cm or greater, B excess as indicated by the toxicity symptoms in beans, and P deficiency as indicated by low P concentrations in plant tissues could limit crop growth in ash‐treated soils.
The effect of three anaerobic swine waste lagoons on ground water quality was investigated in the Atlantic Coastal Plain region. The lagoons studied were located on high‐water‐table soils with different textures. Ground water was sampled from wells, with unperforated casings, located at depths to 6 m and distances to 30 m from the lagoons. These samples were taken monthly from September 1974 through January 1975, and bimonthly thereafter through November 1975. Ground water also was sampled in November 1975 from shallow wells with perforated casings located at distances to 36.6 m from two of the three lagoons. Constituents determined to investigate ground water contamination were density of fecal coliforms and concentrations of Cl, Cu, Mn, NH4‐N, NO3‐N, PO4‐P, and Zn.Chloride, NH4‐N, and NO3‐N concentrations in ground water samples indicated that seepage entered ground water from each of the three lagoons. Rupture of lagoon seals leading to seepage was attributed to drying of exposed subsoil or embankment soil during recession of lagoon liquid levels and to gas release from microbial activity in soil beneath the seal. Overall, a low level of ground water contamination occurred around a lagoon that was in operation for over 8 years in Myatt very fine sandy loam with a clay subsoil, and a lagoon that was in operation 1 mo prior to this investigation in Dragston fine sandy loam with a sandy clay loam subsoil. Ground water contamination in excess of recommended drinking water standards for Cl and NO3‐N occurred around the third lagoon. This lagoon was in operation for >8 years in a disturbed area consisting of predominantly sandy surface and subsurface soil. Ground water contamination in the embankment area of this lagoon was attributed to seepage and beyond the embankment area to ground water contamination from lagoon overflow.
The interrelationships among plant biomass, plant surface area and interception fraction were determined for the interception by corn of 238Pu-bearing particles released to the atmosphere from the H-Area nuclear fuels chemical separations facility on the U.S. Department of Energy's Savannah River Plant in Barnwell County, South Carolina. The relationship between interception fraction and corn biomass was accurately approximated by a filtration model with an absorption coefficient of 3.60 m2 kg-1. A filtration model with an absorption coefficient of 2.91 m2 kg-1 accurately approximated the relationship between biomass and interception fraction for data compiled from the literature for a variety of grass species. A linear regression model accurately approximated the relationship between interception fraction and surface area, but was not a better predictor of interception fraction than the filtration model for biomass.
Radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTG) transform the heat produced during the alpha decay of 238Pu into electrical energy for use by deep-space probes, such as the Voyager spacecraft, which have returned images and other data from Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus. Future missions involving RTGs may be launched aboard the space shuttle, and there is a remote possibility that an explosion of liquid-hydrogen and liquid-oxygen fuel could rupture the RTGs and disperse 238Pu into the atmosphere over central Florida. Research was performed to determine the potential transport to man of atmospherically dispersed Pu via contaminated orange fruits. The results indicate that the major contamination of oranges would result from the interception and retention of 238Pu deposition by fruits. The resulting surface contamination could enter human food chains through transfer to internal tissues during peeling or in the reconstituted juices and flavorings made from orange skins. The interception of 238Pu deposition by fruits is especially important because the results indicate no measurable loss of Pu from fruit surfaces through time or with washing. Approximately 1% of the 238Pu deposited onto an orange grove would be harvested in the year following deposition.
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