Abstract. Due to the nonlinear characteristics of the battery cells and the non-static power demand of the electric vehicles (EV) during their mission profiles, the dynamic behavior of the system cannot be statically calculated and analyzed in course of the electrical design of the battery system (BS). In this paper, a simulation environment is presented as a tool for mission profileoriented electrical design and performance analysis of BS in drives of e-cars and e-aircrafts. This allows effective design and rapid verification of the system level requirements. The model design is submitted through the introduction of the operation with equations and simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink ® . The paper describes a case study, the model performance is investigated, where the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) is taken as basis. The BS contains a battery pack (BP) of lithiumion cells with relatively high energy-and power density.
Abstract. The paper reports the development of a case study for creating a unified development environment for the process of code generation from Matlab/Simulink into both HDL and C languages of FPGA and DSP targets. The FPGA is used for the Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) simulation of the high power, main circuit of a simple solar-based battery charger while the control functions belonging to this system are implemented in a DSP. The case study is planned to be a building block of the HIL simulation of either such a sophisticated, cyber-physical system like a microgrid which connects various forms of energy produced by renewable sources.
Modern battery management systems (BMS) for advanced battery energy storages are expected to provide sufficient and reliable State-of-Charge (SoC) and State-of-Health (SoH) IntroductionE-mobility and large-scale stationary energy storages specify even more specific and safety-critical requirements on advanced battery systems, hereby boosting the development need of special purpose electrical battery cell models. In opposite to this, applied research focuses more on the scalability and modularity.In technical point of view, developing electrical battery cell models has two main driving forces. One is the offline (continuous-time with floating-point number representation) circuit simulation of battery systems providing I-V characteristics for electrical system design purpose [1]. In applications, where the battery pack is connected to nonlinear systems (especially high power motor drives, or grid-connected energy storages), it is crucial to verify the designed battery system behavior [2].The other is the online simulation, where the goal is to create a real-time electrical battery cell model, which can be run in real-time simulations and in online, i.e. model-based SoC and SoH estimation algorithms, as well [3,4]. Such online model is essential in advanced battery energy storages. Expected modularity allows extra functions to be attached easily, and the required scalability enables level-to-pack extensions within certain error tolerances and additional dependencies of parameters [5,6]. All these complex requirements lead the developers to switch rather to FPGA from MCU in the BMS for running high performance, online SoC and SoH estimation algorithms. Next to this, if the battery cell model is available in synthesizable form, then one more great advantage is that it can be used also in modern FPGA-based Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) simulators. HIL is a test approach, where, in this case, the BMS is tested involving the original BMS electronics and the real-time simulator of the battery on the expected cell-or pack level solving the state equations numerically step by step [7]. By using battery HIL simulator, also the extreme failure cases are reproducible, which is not possible in the real system [8].In this paper, an FPGA-synthesizable electrical battery cell model is introduced using fixed-point number representation, which is designed and verified in MATLAB/Simulink. This online Simulink model can be used in FPGA or in processorbased BMS and also in real-time HIL simulators.
Abstract. Due to the specifically high power pulse and long duration energy requirements against lithium battery systems in electric aircrafts, the electrical design cannot be realized without sufficient modeling and simulation of such batteries considering the nonlinear behavior of cells and mission profiles. This paper presents an overview of the simulation approach and confirms the performance for using it as a design tool. The validation process of the models and simulation environment in MATLAB/Simulink includes error analysis investigating real measurement data recorded during flights of a fully electric aircraft.
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