Abstract-Remote sensing of soil moisture using microwave sensors require accurate and realistic scattering models for rough soil surfaces. In the past, much effort has been devoted to the development of scattering models for either perfectly conducting or homogeneous rough surfaces. In practice, however, the permittivity of most soil surfaces is nonuniform, particularly in depth, for which analytical solution does not exist. The variations in the permittivity of a soil medium can easily be related to its soil moisture profile and soil type using the existing empirical models. In this paper, analytical expressions for the bistatic scattering coefficients of soil surfaces with slightly rough interface and stratified permittivity profile are derived. The scattering formulation is based on a new approach where the perturbation expansion of the volumetric polarization current instead of the tangential fields is used to obtain the scattered field. Basically, the top rough layer is replaced with an equivalent polarization current and, using the volumetric integral equation in conjunction with the dyadic Green's function of the remaining stratified half-space medium, the scattering problem is formulated. Closed-form analytical expressions for the induced polarization currents to any desired order are derived, which are then used to evaluate the bistatic scattered fields up to and including the third order. The analytical solutions for the scattered fields are used to derive the complete second-order expressions for the backscattering coefficients as well as the statistics of phase difference between the scattering matrix elements. The theoretical results are shown to agree well with the backscatter measurements of rough surfaces with known dielectric profiles and roughness statistics.
Radio-occultation (RO) technique, which has been used in planetary science, is a method to obtain the profiles of atmosphere and the global atmospheric data. In 2006, Taiwan launched six low-Earth-orbit satellites as a RO constellation mission, known as FORMOSAT-3. In order to thoroughly understand the process of the RO data retrieval and obtain as much as possible the information for the weather prediction, a National Central University Radio Occultation (NCURO) retrieval algorithm has been developed. The focus of the algorithm development is on the correction of the excess phase of the signal received with open-loop (OL) technique and the criteria for assessment of the data quality. When the OL is activated, the excess phase of the global-positioning-system (GPS) signal is modulated with navigation messages of satellites. In our algorithms, two methods are incorporated to recover the excess phase. Moreover, as the altitude of the received signal decreases, the quality of the GPS signal generally deteriorates, and eventually, the signal is too noisy to be processed. In order to assess the quality of the signal, instead of the signal-to-noise ratio, the degree of unclearness is defined and used in the algorithm. In this paper, the algorithm including the phase-correction methods and the criteria for the quality assessment will be described. The data retrieval using the algorithm will be compared with those obtained from the COSMIC Data Analysis and Archive Center at the University Corporation for Atmosphere Research and Pingtung radiosonde measurement. Some intermediate results of the NCURO algorithm will also be demonstrated.
Index Terms-Global positioning system (GPS), open loop (OL), radio occultation (RO).
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