The recruitment kinetics of double-strand break (DSB) signaling and repair proteins Mdc1, 53BP1 and Rad52 into radiation-induced foci was studied by live-cell fluorescence microscopy after ion microirradiation. To investigate the influence of damage density and complexity on recruitment kinetics, which cannot be done by UV laser irradiation used in former studies, we utilized 43 MeV carbon ions with high linear energy transfer per ion (LET = 370 keV/µm) to create a large fraction of clustered DSBs, thus forming complex DNA damage, and 20 MeV protons with low LET (LET = 2.6 keV/µm) to create mainly isolated DSBs. Kinetics for all three proteins was characterized by a time lag period T0 after irradiation, during which no foci are formed. Subsequently, the proteins accumulate into foci with characteristic mean recruitment times τ1. Mdc1 accumulates faster (T0 = 17±2 s, τ1 = 98±11 s) than 53BP1 (T0 = 77±7 s, τ1 = 310±60 s) after high LET irradiation. However, recruitment of Mdc1 slows down (T0 = 73±16 s, τ1 = 1050±270 s) after low LET irradiation. The recruitment kinetics of Rad52 is slower than that of Mdc1, but exhibits the same dependence on LET. In contrast, the mean recruitment time τ1 of 53BP1 remains almost constant when varying LET. Comparison to literature data on Mdc1 recruitment after UV laser irradiation shows that this rather resembles recruitment after high than low LET ionizing radiation. So this work shows that damage quality has a large influence on repair processes and has to be considered when comparing different studies.
The human genome comprises more than three billion base pairs and a part of this information is responsible for the control of cell proliferation. Different internal and external factors are able to affect DNA and could influence the proliferation process. As a consequence critical diseases may occur. To prevent such harmful occurrences, the human body contains multiple repair enzymes that allow for the immediate elimination of DNA damage. Since each individual exhibits a set of gene variants with different properties, each person possesses his/her individual spectrum of DNA repair gene variants. For this reason, the first step of current studies is to obtain more information about the impact of DNA variants in repair enzymes in connection with certain occupational exposures with the aim to use this information in epidemiological models to calculate in which manner such variants are able to modulate DNA adducts or biomonitoring parameters.
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