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Out of the three basic cosmic spherule types collected from the seafloor, RMNs (Refractory Metal Nuggets) have been reported from I-type spherules commonly, rarely from S-type spherules and never from the G-type spherules. Nuggets in the I-type cosmic spherules have formed by melting and complete oxidation during atmospheric entry, whereas no clear understanding emerged so far regarding the formation of the rare nuggets in S-type spherules. We collected cosmic spherules by raking the deep seafloor with magnets, and carried out systematic and sequential grinding, polishing and electron microscopic investigations on 992 cosmic spherules to identify RMNs. Fifty-four nuggets (RMNs) are identified, out of which 23, 26, and 5 nuggets are recovered from 23 I-, 21 Sand 5 G-type cosmic spherules, respectively.

Abstract-Transmission electron microscope (TEM) investigations have revealed Os, Ru, Mo-rich refractory metal nuggets within four different presolar graphites, from both the high-density (HD) Murchison (MUR) and low-density (LD) Orgueil (ORG) fractions. Microstructural and chemical data suggest that these are direct condensates from the gas, rather than forming later by exsolution. The presolar refractory metal nugget (pRMN) compositions are variable (e.g., from 8 < Os atom% < 77), but follow the same chemical fractionation trends as isolated refractory metal nuggets (mRMNs) previously found in meteorites (Berg et al. 2009). From these compositions one can infer a temperature of last equilibration with the gas of 1405-1810 K (e.g., Berg et al. [2009] at approximately 100 dyne cm À2 pressure), which implies that the host graphites form over roughly the same range (in agreement with predictions) and that the pRMNs are chemically isolated from the gas when captured by graphite. Further, the pRMN compositions give evidence that HD graphites form at a higher T than LD ones. Chemical and phase similarities with the isolated mRMNs suggest that the mRMNs also condense directly from a gas, although from the early solar nebula rather than a presolar environment. Although the pRMNs themselves are too small for detection of isotopic anomalies, NanoSIMS isotopic measurements of their host graphites confirm a presolar origin for the assemblages. The two pRMN-containing LD graphites show evidence of a supernova (SN) origin, whereas the stellar origins of the pRMNs in HD graphite are unclear, because only less-diagnostic 12 C enrichments are detectable (as is commonly true for HD graphites).

Abstract-Alloys of the refractory metals Re, Os, W, Ir, Ru, Mo, Pt, and Rh with small amounts of Fe and Ni are predicted to be one of the very first high-temperature condensates in a cooling gas of solar composition. Recently, such alloy grains were found in acid-resistant residues of the Murchison CM2 chondrite. We used focused ion beam (FIB) preparation to obtain electron-transparent sections of 15 submicrometer-sized refractory metal nuggets (RMNs) from the original Murchison residue. We studied their crystallography, microstructures, and internal compositional variations using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Our results show that all RMNs studied have hexagonal close-packed (hcp) crystal structures despite considerable variations of their bulk compositions. Crystallographic superstructures or signs of spinodal decomposition are absent and defect microstructures are scarce. Internally, RMNs are compositionally homogeneous, with no evidence for zoning patterns or heterogeneities due to exsolution. Many RMNs show welldefined euhedral crystal shapes and all are nearly perfect single crystal. Our findings are consistent with a direct (near-) equilibrium condensation of refractory metals into a single alloy at high temperature in the solar nebula as predicted by current condensation models. We suggest that this alloy is generally hcp structured due to an extended e-phase field in the relevant multicomponent alloy system. The high degree of structural perfection and compositional homogeneity is attributed to high defect energies, high formation temperatures, slow cooling rates, small grain sizes, and rapid internal diffusion.

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We present a near edge x-ray absorption fine structure study of artificial chemical vapor deposition diamonds with sizes in the micron range and of size distributed nanodiamonds extracted from the Murchison meteorite. The modified peak shape in the case of the nanodiamond sample is explained by the interplay between the size distribution of the nanodiamonds and quantum confinement effects within a quantitative analysis based on the effective mass approximation theory.

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Refractory metal nuggets (RMNs) contain elements, such as Os, Ir, Mo, and Ru, which are predicted to condense from a cooling gas of solar composition simultaneously with CAI-minerals. Berg etal. () identified a large number of RMNs in acid-resistant residues of the Murchison meteorite and suggested that they are pristine condensates. In extending the work of these authors, we have improved the chemical extraction process to enrich the concentration of RMNs in the residue sample and prepared three additional RMN-rich residues from the chondritic meteorites Murchison, Allende, and Leoville. The results show that, while their origin is clearly solar, the compositions in detail of RMNs from all three meteorites do not match well with a simple condensation model based on equilibrium thermodynamics and ideal solid solution of all metals. Thus, we find that a primary formation by direct condensation, as suggested previously, is unlikely for most of the studied grains and that alternative scenarios should be considered in future work. The results also show that several, but not all, alloys from Allende and Leoville have undergone processes, such as metamorphic oxidation and sulfidization in the meteoritic environment, in which they lost, e.g., W and Mo. For Murchison and several Leoville and Allende RMNs, we propose a pristine nature