Under the Climate Change and Adaptation (ClimaAdapt) programme, in the Nagarjuna Sagar Project area of Andhra Pradesh, water-saving interventions were conducted. To examine their impact, a study was carried out in the districts Nalgonda (Telangana) and Guntur (Andhra Pradesh). In all three water-saving interventions-alternating wetting and drying, modified System of Rice Intensification, and direct sowing of rice-capacity-building raised crop yield and farmer income. The direct seeded rice method reduced the cost of cultivation by about INR 11,000 per hectare.
This study examined the farmers’ perception, adaptation measures and coping strategies to mitigate climate extremes in Afghanistan using parametric and non-parametric methods. We selected the central agro-climatic zone to conduct farm household’s survey since it has significant climate variability in terms of maximum, minimum temperature and rainfall. Results show that majority of the farmers (>80%) perceived a “high to a very high” degree of climate induced impact on loss of employment, labor scarcity, pest and disease outbreak and decline in groundwater level. The important climate adaptation and coping strategies viz., changing cropping patterns, drilling new bore wells and farm diversification were extensively practiced by the farmers. In the policy side, establishing automatic weather stations, agro advisory services, weather-based crop insurance and climate-smart agricultural practices are the potential policy options to protect farm households from climate extremes.
The agriculture sector plays a vital role in the Indian economy. It contributes about 17 per cent of the country's total GDP. According to Indian Economic Survey 2018, it is estimated that percentage of agricultural workers of total workforce would drop to 25.7 per cent by 2050 from 58.2 per cent in 2001. Mechanization in the form of tractors, seed drills or tube wells (pump sets) enable a farmer to grow more crop and earn more by increasing the input use efficiencies. Further, adoption of mechanization ensures double benefit of reduction of cost and increase the productivity and production. Though there has been a substantial progress of mechanization in agriculture through various programmes, the level of mechanization in the Eastern region was lesser (8.18 hrs/ha) than the country's average (11.56 hrs/ha) resulting lesser crop productivity and net returns. This study intends to assess the effect of increased use of mechanization on farm income and profitability in Eastern region with the comparison of India as whole. The study used the plot level cost of cultivation data (DES-Directorate of Economics and Statistics) to compare the level of inputs (labour, animal and machine) use for two period viz., 2000-01 and 2013-14 and estimated translog cost functions to calculate labour demand elasticities and Allen Elasticities of Substitution between labour and other factors like animal and machine power under two different period at constant price . This study found that in Eastern region the use of man labour and animal labour in cultivation practices has declined over the years. However, it was noticed that the employment of animal labour in this region was significantly higher while it was lower in case machine labour for almost all the crops cultivated in comparison with the country. Further, the study found that the share of payment on machine labour has increased over years across crops for Eastern region as well as India as whole, however, the increment was comparatively higher in India. The lesser level of cross price elasticities clearly states that machine labour is a weak substitute to man and animal labour. This implies that mechanization had not been strong alternate to animal and man labour for crop production activities in Eastern region.
Climate change poses a great challenge to food security, particularly in developing nations where important food crops such as rice and wheat have been grown in large quantities. The study investigates food security using an integrated approach, which comprises forecasting future rice production using the AquaCrop model and demand for rice using an economic model. The proposed approach was evaluated in the Cauvery delta zone in the eastern part of Tamil Nadu, which is a major rice-growing hotspot in peninsular India. Our results showed that the future rice productivity of the Cauvery delta region would be reduced by 35% between 2021 and 2040 and by 16% between 2041 and 2050. However, the supply–demand gap addressing food security in the Cauvery delta zone is positive for the future, as evidenced by the availability of surplus rice of 0.39 million tonnes for the period 2021–2030 and 0.23 million tonnes and 0.35 million tonnes for the periods 2031–2040 and 2041–2050, respectively. Nevertheless, as the neighboring regions are relying on rice production from the Cauvery delta, this surplus rice production is potentially not sufficient to meet the demand of the state as a whole, which suggests climate change may pose a severe threat to the food security of the Tamil Nadu State. These findings emphasize the necessity of performing regional-level food security assessments with a focus on developing location-specific policy options to mitigate the adverse effects of climate-induced anomalies on food security.
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