This scientific article aims to summarize the most important measurements of the quality of water for use in irrigation of various crops. The goal is to help professionals and researchers in the soil, water and environment field in the selection of appropriate alternatives to face potential problems that may occur because the use of low quality water in irrigation, which may adversely affect the characteristics of the soil and thus reduce productivity and quality of crops cultivated .The most important measurements, which are summarized in this article includes measurements of salinity risk, measurements the risks of both of soil sodicity and alkalinity ,soil permeability for water quality and the specific hazards of some toxic ions. Water class for Salinity Irrigation Water Salinity Remarks Class Description EC,(dS m-1) TDS,(ppm) C1 Low Salinity < 0.25 < 200 Used for irrigation for most crops on most soils. Some leaching required under normal irrigation practices, but excess irrigation is required in extremely low permeability soil. C2 Medium Salinity 0.25-0.75 200-500 Can be used if a moderate amount of leaching occurs. Plants with moderate salt tolerance can be grown in most instances without special practices for salinity control. C3 High Salinity 0.75-2.25 500-1500 Can't be used on soil with restricted drainage. Even with adequate drainage, special management for salinity control may be required and plants with good salt tolerance should be selected. C4 Very high Salinity > 2.25 > 1500 Not suitable for irrigation under ordinary conditions but may be used occasionally under very special circumstances .The soils must be permeable , drainage must be adequate , irrigation water must be applied in excess to provide considerable leaching , and very salt-tolerant crops should be selected. Table 2. Potential of irrigation problems based on salinity values Degree of problem Units Potential of Irrigation Problem Severe Slight to Moderate None > 3.0 0.7-3.0 < 0.7 dS/m ECw > 2000 450-2000 < 450 mg/l TDS Salt Index Researches indicated that the safety limits permitted (accepted safe limit) to salinity in irrigation water is 600 mg kg-1. When water containing salts in the range of 600 to 1200 mg.kg-1 , it is necessary to appreciated saltiness guide (Salt Index). Also, this assessment is used to predict the risk of sodic. It is defined with the relationship between mono-valent sodium ions (Total Na +) and divalent calcium ions in CaCO 3 (Total Ca 2+), which found in irrigation and the estimated, as ppm i.e., mg. l-1 and can be calculated by using the following formula for Singh (2005) : Salt index = [(Total Na +-24.5)-(total Ca 2+ in CaCO 3)] x 4.85 Water quality for irrigation according to the obtained value could be evaluated as: •Negative value, mean good water quality for use in irrigation.
The objective of this study was to tracking the annual and seasonal variations in the chemical properties of El-Salam canal water at the area of Sahl El-Tina (north Sinai), during the winter and the summer of the two growing seasons of 2011/2012 and 2012/2013. Chemical and elemental properties analyses were carried out to water samples, which collected along the main source of irrigating crops from El-Salam Canal at Sahl El-Tina area, and their average values were calculated and then The obtained data showed that: pH values varied from 7.39 to 7.81 indicating that the irrigation water samples of El-Canal were slightly alkaline. pH mean value was more in the season of 2012/2013 (pH≈ 7.79) than the season of 2011/2012 (pH≈ 7.42). Also pH values were more at summer season than winter season during the season of 2011/2012 and the contrary trend was observed during the season of 2012/2013. Electrical conductivity (EC) values of El-Salam Canal water, at Sahl El-Tina area, ranged between 1.63 and 3.77 (dS/m). Their values were 2.70 and 2.12 (dS/m) for the seasons of 2011/2012 and 2012/2013, respectively. During 2011/2012 EC (dS/m) values were more in winter than in summer and the contrary trend was noticed during 2012/2013 growing season. The type of irrigation water may be considering medium saline irrigation water and can be used in light textured soils, which have a good drainage systems. Soluble ions of Na + and Cl increased progressively with increasing EC levels in the irrigation water at the growing seasons 2011/2012 and also at the growing seasons 2012/2013. As for the annual variations of soluble ions, concentrations of all soluble ions (meq/l) except Mg ++ and HCO3 increased at the season of 2011/2012 than at the seasons of 2012/2013. Seasonal variations during the growing season of 2011/2012 showed that, all concentration (meq/l) of soluble ions increased at winter season than at summer season, except K + behaved contrary trend. During 2012/2013, all soluble ions increased at summer season comparing with winter season, except Mg + + and HCO3 behaved contrary trend. These variations can be due to increasing agricultural activities and rainfall, increasing in the leaching processes in some locations and high evaporation, as a result to high temperature. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), is usually used to evaluate the relatively hazards of Na + ion which associated with the irrigation water supply on soil properties. Throughout the season of 2011/2012, SAR was decreased at summer than at winter. While opposite trend was noticed through the growing season of 2012/2013. As for the annual variations in SAR values, data indicated that SAR decreased at 2011/2012 than at 2012/2013.But in general SAR ranged from 6.15 to 12.52 throughout the two seasons of growth of the current investigation study. These types of water can be used for irrigate
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