X-ray spectroscopy with high spectral (up to AA/A = lo-*) and spatial resolution (up to 1 pm) is discussed. Devices based on crystals, diffraction and Bragg-Fresnel elements and their applications in Zand X-pinches and laser plasma experiments are described.
The initial stage of the fast electrical breakdown of an air gap with a pin-to-plane electrode geometry is studied on a nanosecond time scale using multi-frame laser probing with an exposure time of 70ps and spatial resolution as high as 3-4μm. We find that the gap breakdown is associated with the fast (1 ns) formation of a micron-sized (∼10 μm) cathode spot that appears as a plasma with an electron density of » n 10 cm e 19
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