The brain architecture in four species of tapeworms from the order Trypanorhyncha has been studied. In all species, the brain consists of paired anterior and lateral lobes, and an unpaired central lobe. The anterior lobes connect by dorsal and ventral semicircular commissures; the central and lateral lobes connect by a median and an Xshaped crisscross commissure. In the center of the brain, five well-developed compact neuropils are present. The brain occupies a medial position in the scolex pars bothrialis. The ventral excretory vessels are situated outside the lateral lobes of the brain; the dorsal excretory vessels are located inside the brain and dorsal to the median commissure. The brain gives rize four anterior proboscis nerves and four posterior bulbar nerves with myelinated giant axons (GAs). The cell bodies of the GAs are located within the X-commissure and in the bulbar nerves. Highly developed serotonergic neuropils are present in the anterior and lateral lobes; numerous 5-HT neurons are found in the brain lobes including the central unpaired lobe. The X-cross commissure consists of the α-tub-immunoreactive and 5-HT-IR neurites. Eight ultrastructural types of neurons were found in the brain of the three species investigated. In addition, different types of synapses were present in the neuropils. Glial cells ensheath the brain lobes, the neuropils, the GAs, and the bulbar nerves. Glia cell processes form complex branching patterns of thin cytoplasmic sheets sandwiched between adjacent neural processes and filling the space between neurons. Multilayer myelin-like envelopes and a mesaxon-like structure have been found in Trypanorhyncha nervous system. We compared the brain architecture of Trypanorhyncha with that of an early basal cestode taxon, that is, Diphyllobothriidea, and present a hypothesis about the homology of the anterior brain lobes in order Trypanorhyncha; and the lateral lobes and median commissure are homologous brain structures within Eucestoda.
В этом году исполняется 60 лет со времени появления концепции дисциркуляторной энцефалопатии (ДЭП). В 1958 г. невролог Г.А. Максудов и нейропсихолог В.М. Коган опубликовали работу [1], в которой предложили использовать этот термин для обозначения постепенно прогрессирующих диффузных изменений мозговой ткани при медленно нарастающем ухудшении кровоснабжения (дисциркуляции) мозга при различных заболеваниях сосудистой системы. Но если быть более точными, то термин ДЭП прозвучал раньше-в 1957 г. на конференции Центрального института экспертизы трудоспособности инвалидов (ЦИЭТИН), где в те годы работали оба ученых. Концепция и само название заболевания было столь удачным, что быстро заслужило признание
The authors of the article attempt to make a legal understanding of the processes characterizing the modern stage of the development of the science of Information Law in the context of digital transformation and formation at the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the basis of the direction that emerged at the end of the last century from Administrative Law and headed by Illaria L. Bachilo. The contribution of I.L. Bachilo in substantiating this new scientific direction not only in the ISL of the RAS, but also in the entire post-Soviet space is difficult to overestimate.
The continuity of I.L. Bachilo’s scientific activity is acutely felt at the traditional international conferences on the problems of Information Law held in memory of her, called “Bachilo’s readings”. These scientific events are not just of a memorial nature, but are an impulse to pose new problems and identify new areas of scientific research, attract both venerable and young scientists, and contribute to the development of the scientific school of Information Law.
Currently, there is an increasing tendency not only to continue scientific research in the information sphere, but also to significantly expand the regulatory landscape in the field of allocating a separate institution in Information Law – Digital Law. New vectors and priorities of scientific research in the science of Information Law are becoming institutionalization processes associated with the active regulation of individual information, including digital technologies
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