When processing milk and producing dairy products, the key factor is the control of the quality indicators of milk and manufactured products using automatic control systems of SAK with the use of microprocessors and microcontrollers. When milk is taken, automated plants allow you to determine the composition and quality of milk, including the content of somatic cells, mass fat content and protein fraction. The milk storage tanks are equipped by the local automatic systems. The technological processes of milk normalization are associated with the adjustment of its parameters. The functional diagram of automatization of the milk normalization process in the flow involves the use of a microprocessor controller. The composition of the automated production area of drinking milk includes information sensors on the status of process parameters, digital instruments for monitoring process parameters. The process of producing liquid starter cultures and bacterial concentrates involves the possibility of changing the productivity of the cultivator. Automatization does not include the supply of milk to the process equipment, the transfer of equipment from one technological operation to another and many others. Further automatization of technological processes in dairy production should be based on the extensive use of robotics and flexible robotic lines.
Commercial sturgeon breeding is one of the promising areas of aquaculture. This is not only an integral part of the production of valuable protein products, but also the main source of replenishing the number of sturgeon fish, especially rare and endangered species. This paper examines studies on the influence of environmental factors on the development and safety of sturgeon fry in a sturgeon breeding enterprise in the Krasnodar Territory, carried out on juvenile Russian sturgeon. It was found that the control group was reared for 213 days, the experimental group for 152 days. The average water temperature during the growing period was 20.39°C for the control group and 21. 19°C for the experimental group. The oxygen concentration was at the level of 73.6% in the control group and 76.6% in the experimental one. The pH level in water for the control group was 8.15, for the experimental one – 7.51; the concentration of nitrites for the control group was 0.025, for the experimental group it was 0.017. The average nitrate index is 0.96 and 0.84, in the control and experimental groups, respectively. The weight growth of sturgeons of the first group was higher, with the same initial weight, the final weight of juveniles in the experimental group was 97.4 grams, which is 14.8 grams more than juveniles in the control group. And the weight gain was 174.4% in the control group, and 222.5% in the experimental group. The average linear growth was also higher in the experimental group – 25.8 cm, in the control group – 24.1 cm. The increase in length was 76.7% in the experimental group, 68.5% in the control group. The survival rate of juveniles in the experimental group was 90.7% (136 specimens of Russian sturgeon out of 150), in the control group it was 86%.
In the current conditions of a market economy, for the more complete automation of technological processes for the production of meat, dairy and fish products, and especially when frequent changes in the product range (assortment) are needed, the use of robots and robotic flexible technologies is extremely important. The possibilities of using robots and flexible robotic systems for more complete automation of technological processes for the production of meat, dairy and fish products are considered. The main directions of the development of technological progress in the mechanization and automation of animal husbandry and their impact on improving process technology, the use of digitally controlled technologies, increasing labor productivity, reducing costs, improving product quality, and protecting the environment are outlined. It is noted that one of the important areas of technological progress in the modern period is the comprehensive modernization of existing facilities.
Increasing the intensification of herd reproduction is one of the main ways of increasing the number of beef cattle, increasing beef production, and reducing its cost. The main task in the reproduction of the herd is the annual receipt of a viable calf from each cow and heifer. One of the methods to increase reproductive functions is the use of hormonal drugs, analogues of sex hormones. Synthetic hormonal preparations in dairy cattle breeding are used to synchronize sexual hunting, ovulation and calving, to intensify the sexual functions of uterus (inducing superovulation, shorten the service period, etc.) and to treat pathologies of the ovaries, endometritis, and other disorders of the sexual apparatus of cows and heifers. The article presents the results of applying two synchronization schemes of sexual hunting in Holstein cows in an industrial dairy farm. In the first group, the Pre-synch scheme was used, in the second – «Ovsynch». The schemes differed in that the «Pre-synch» is longer and more costly, but it begins to be used from 21 days after calving. According to the results of the synchronization of sexual hunting of both groups, results were obtained on milk productivity. In the first group, baseline fat milk was produced for 305 days of lactation, 9411.0 kg of milk, in the second - 7785.0 kg. Considering all the costs of synchronizing sexual hunting in Holstein cows, profitability in the control group was 24.8%, in the experimental group - 19.2%.
The article presents the results of the introduction of the biotechnological method to improve the reproduction of the herd of Holstein cattle. Comparative data on the growth of calves obtained in different ways are given: from artificial insemination and transplantation of embryos during the growing period - from birth to the age of 18 months. It was found that calves obtained from the biotechnological method grew faster than their peers obtained from artificial insemination. The difference was 18.3 kg in favor of the heifers of the experimental group. The largest average daily gain in live weight was observed during the period from 12 to 18 months - 50 g is naturally in favor of the heifers of the experimental group. The difference in live weight during the first insemination between the heifers of the studied groups was 10.0 kg or 2.5%. The fertility rate was +2.0 absolute percent. The insemination index was excellent and amounted to a difference between experimental groups of +0.6 absolute growth. The conditional profit from the cultivation of Holstein heifers obtained by the method of embryo transplantation amounted to 267.8 thousand rubles. Profitability was 22.4 percent.
Many works have been devoted to the problem of obtaining healthy drinks. The nutritional value of fermented milk products depends on the composition and properties of the feedstock, the quantitative and qualitative composition of the components included in the recipe, conditions and operating parameters at all stages of the technological process, as well as on the level of technological equipment of the enterprise. In Russia, over the past year, a total of 2.159.182 tons of fermented milk products were produced, of which 794.294 tons were yogurt, 194.177 tons were fermented baked milk and varenets, 16.004 tons were yogurt, and 907.453 tons were kefir. Kefir is a fermented milk product obtained from cow’s milk by fermentation with the use of special «fungi», which is a mixture of various microorganisms. It is eaten both separately and as part of a large number of culinary and confectionery dishes. It is popular in Russia, CIS, Europe, America and Australia.
At the moment, the Russian Federation has mastered various methods of making dairy products. Cottage cheese is considered one of the most beloved goods of the population. This is explained not only by its taste, but also by its nutritional and bioavailability. Future progress in the production of cottage cheese must be achieved both through the introduction of comprehensive mechanization and automation of production processes, and through the use of investments for the technical reequipment of equipment and the installation of new lines. During the reconstruction and modernization of production facilities, mainly automated lines of manufacturing plants from Germany, Denmark, Poland, Bulgaria are installed. At some factories, work continues on the lines for the production of acid curd Ya9-OPT (Russia). In this regard, it is important to improve the existing and create new equipment for the production of curd and curd products. Along with the development of new methods for the production of curd and curd products, in order to increase their competitiveness, it is quite reasonable to use technologies with a closed method of conducting the process, i.e. it is necessary to exclude the influence of the human factor on a complex technological process. For the successful sale of products, it is necessary to expand the range of cottage cheese products, improve their quality and price competitiveness, develop production with a high proportion of prepackaged and packaged products with a design that meets consumer demand. It is necessary to increase the degree of factory readiness of products for direct consumption.
Feed makes up to 70% of the total cost of feeding livestock. Therefore, high-quality feeding, based on the satisfaction of animals with the necessary level of nutrients and nutrients, is the key to the quality and profitability of the final product. It is known that ruminants have fundamental differences in the physiology of digestion and metabolism, when, due to the enzymatic activity of microorganisms, not only quantitative, but also qualitative characteristics of almost all components of the feed change. In this regard, we conducted production experience in introducing a new feeding system for Holstein cows, first-calf cows. For this, two groups of cows were formed on the basis of analogues and placed in different sections. The cows of the first group were fed according to the old feeding system, i.e., the feed was prepared in SILOKING feeders. Cows of the second group were fed from KONGSKILDE feeders. At the end of the experiment, data were obtained on obtaining the greatest amount of milk productivity of cows of the second group, which were fed 628.0 kilograms according to the new feeding technology.
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