An efficient and rapid liquid chromatographic method was developed for the separation of carotenoids and their geometrical isomers in tomato products using a core C30 column of 2.6 μm particles with gradient elution of tert-butyl-methyl-ether in 2% water in methanol. Excellent separation of the major carotenoids such as lycopene, β-carotene and lutein as well as their geometrical isomers and oxygen-containing derivatives with resolution factors ranging between 0.78 and 4.0 and selectivity of 1.01–1.63 was achieved. Validation of the developed method met the acceptance criteria concerning linearity, recovery, precision and limit of detection and quantification. Calibrations were linear with correlation coefficient (R2) values between 0.9966 and 0.9999. The limit of detection and quantification values were found to be 0.008 and 0.017 and 0.029 and 0.056 μg/mL, respectively. Recovery of 94.3–99.9%, intraday precision of 1.81–4.45% and interday precision of 3.13–6.86% were obtained. The hyphenation of liquid chromatography with diode-array and mass spectrometry was helpful in the identification of the separated carotenoids particularly the unusual di-hydroxy cyclolycopene adduct and di-methoxy lycopene determined for the first time in tomato products. Commercially available kinds of tomato juice and ketchup were evaluated based on their carotenoid content.
Field experiments were carried out at the Agronomy Main Research Farm, O.U.A.T. Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India during 2019 and 2020 to find out energetics and economics of green gram as influenced by varying land configuration and nutrient management practices. Split-plot Design was adopted with three replications. Results of the experiment showed that raised bed method with PDM-139 cultivar in combination with F6 treatment gave the highest pooled yield (522.84 kg ha-1 and 455.29 kg ha-1) respectively. Similar trend was observed in Energy productivity (0.358kg MJ/ha and 0.335 kg/MJ respectively) and efficiency (1.42 kg MJ ha-1 and 1.17 MJ ha-1respectively). Economic analysis also revealed that flat bed with PDM-139 with F6 treatment combination gave the highest pooled B: C ratio (1.75) during the years of investigation.
For thousands of years, chili pepper has been used in cooking intensifying the aroma, colouring, and even flavouring with its pungency. Today ,it is also of interest for the various food and pharmaceutical industries due to its intrinsic characteristics. These characteristics of pepper and its yield can be affected by both the variety and the temperature fluctuation throughout the harvest period. The current work's objective was to investigate the effect of harvest time on vitamin C of different varieties of chili pepper C. frutescens and C. annuum cultivated in Hungary, as well as the yield of pepper in different harvesting periods. Vitamin C was determined by HPLC protocols. The differences between harvest times and varieties were analysed using Tukey post hoc test at 5%. All varieties showed fluctuation of vitamin C level, depending on the given harvest date. At the last harvest, all varieties had higher vitamin C content. All varieties had the same yield trend throughout the year but with different yields between each. Variety Hetényi Parázs had the highest vitamin C content and yield: 3720.53 µg g-1 vitamin C and 18.63 t ha-1 average yield, respectively.
Background: Green gram being an important legume crop, its rooting traits and nodule characteristics are vital in determining its overall productivity. Land configuration plays a crucial role in influencing the root and nodule growth in green gram. Judicious use of balanced nutrients and fertilizers is needed owing to the sustainability concern of the environment and also for optimising the production process. Methods: Field experiments were carried out at the Agronomy Main Research Farm, O.U.A.T. Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India during 2020 and 2021 to study the effect of different land configuration methods and varying nutrient management practices on the root growth, nutrient uptake and yield of summer mung. Split-plot Design was adopted with three replications having four main plot and 6 sub-plot treatments. Result: The outcomes of the experiment showed that raised bed method with PDM-139 cultivar gave the highest pooled root length (13.1 cm), root dry weight (1.52 g) and shoot: root ratio (6.83). F6 nutrient management treatment gave synonymous results (12.16 cm root length, 1.53 g root dry weight). Similar trend was observed for number of nodules (15.48 nodules/plant) and nodule fresh weight (25.50 g) under land configuration, variety and (16.61 nodules/plant, 25.50 g) under nutrient management respectively. The total nutrient uptake in grain and straw for nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium was found to be the highest in flat-bed method with PDM-139 cultivar. The result revealed that sowing of green gram on raised bed land configuration with PDM 139 along with nutrient management practice based on STCR equations (F6) significantly produced more yield (522.84 kg/ha and 455.29 kg/ha respectively) than the other treatments. The study revealed that there was positive correlation between the grain yield and the respective N, P2O5 and K2O uptakes.
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