There are conflicting results concerning risk of violence in schizophrenia. Empathy and mentalization deficits are associated both with schizophrenia and violence, however, there are only a few studies with equivocal results concerning their relationship. 88 violent and nonviolent paranoid schizophrenic and violent and nonviolent control males in psychiatric, forensic psychiatric and correctional institutions completed the Ekman 60 Faces test, Faux Pas Recognition Test, Eysenck IVE test, Interpersonal Reactivity Index, and the Spielberger Anger Expression Scale. Data were analysed with ANOVA and logistic regression models. Significant group differences with a characteristic pattern were detected in mentalization, facial affect recognition, fear and anger recognition, interpersonal distress, and frequency of direction of anger expression. Predictors of violent behaviour were different in the schizophrenic and non-schizophrenic groups. Lack of major differences in empathy and mentalization between violent and nonviolent schizophrenia patients suggests that such deficits are core features of schizophrenia but do not determine emerging violence in this illness. Our results emphasise the importance of distinguishing between violence related to core positive symptoms of schizophrenia and that emerging from independent comorbid antisocial personality traits in order to identify targets for screening, detection, prevention and management of violence risk in different subpopulations of schizophrenia patients.

Bevezetés: Noha a szociális szorongás a harmadik leggyakoribb pszichés megbetegedés, sokszor nem kerül felismerés-re. Legfontosabb jellemzői az alacsony önértékelés, a magas szintű önkritika és félelem mások negatív megítélésétől. Nagyfokú komorbiditást mutat a hangulatzavarokkal, az alkoholfogyasztással és az evészavarokkal. Célkitűzés: A nemzetközileg legismertebb mérőeszköz, a Félelem a negatív megítéléstől (FÉLNE) skála hazai adaptá-lása, belső és külső validitásvizsgálata. Módszer: Résztvevők: 255 szorongásos, illetve hangulatzavarral diagnosztizált páciens töltötte ki a kérdőíveket. Mérő eszközök: "Félelem a negatív megítéléstől" (FÉLNE) kérdőív 30, 12 és 8 itemes változat, Rosenberg Önérté-kelési Skála, Beck Szorongás Leltár, Szociális Kogníció kérdőív. Eredmények: Mindhárom FÉLNE kérdőív erős belső validitással rendelkezik (α>0,83); az alacsony önértékeléssel, a negatív szociális kogníciókkal és az általános szorongással közepesen erős összefüggést mutat. A legrövidebb kérdő-ív a FÉLNE-8 validitása bizonyult a legerősebbnek a szociális fóbia elkülönítésére más pszichés megbetegedésektől. Következtetések: A FÉLNE-8 alkalmazása elősegítheti a számos betegség hátterét jelentő szociális szorongás gyors felismerését, a páciensek adekvát pszichoterápiás ellátás felé irányítását az egészségügyi ellátás bármely szintjén. Orv Hetil. 2017; 158(22): 843-850. Kulcsszavak: szociális szorongás, alacsony önértékelés, Félelem a negatív megítéléstől kérdőív -FÉLNE-8, pszichoterápia Social anxiety and self-esteem: Hungarian validation of the "Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale -Straightforward Items"Introduction: Although social anxiety disorder (SAD) is the third most frequent emotional disorder with 13-15% prevalence rate, it remains unrecognized very often. Social phobia is associated with low self-esteem, high self-criticism and fear of negative evaluation by others. It shows high comorbidity with depression, alcoholism, drug addiction and eating disorders. Aim: To adapt the widely used "Fear of Negative Evaluation" (FNE) social phobia questionnaire. Method: Anxiety and mood disorder patients (n = 255) completed the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (30, 12 and 8 item-versions) as well as social cognition, anxiety and self-esteem questionnaires. Results: All the three versions of the FNE have strong internal validity (α>0.83) and moderate significant correlation with low self-esteem, negative social cognitions and anxiety. The short 8-item BFNE-S has the strongest disciminative value in differentiating patients with social phobia and with other emotional disorders. Conclusions: The Hungarian version of the BFNE-S is an effective tool for the quick recognition of social phobia.

Background: Low self-esteem (LSE) has been associated with several psychiatric disorders, and is presumably influenced by transdiagnostic factors. Our study was based both on investigations of the relationship between depression and LSE (vulnerability, scar, reciprocal models) and on theories of cognitive factors contributing to the development and maintenance of LSE, such as Melanie Fennell’s model, the catalyst model and the Self-Regulatory Executive Function model. Aims: Based on the theories above, in our cross-sectional study we aimed at understanding more specifically the transdiagnostic factors that can maintain LSE in a heterogeneous clinical sample. Method: Six hundred and eleven out-patients were assessed by SCID-I and self-report questionnaires. The model was tested by structural equation modelling. Results: Based on the fit indices, the hypothesis model did not fit the data; therefore, a modified transdiagnostic model was emerged. This model made a good fit to the data [χ2 (12, n=611)=76.471, p<.001; RMSEA=.080, CFI=.950, TLI=.913] with a strong explanatory power (adj R2=.636). Severe stressful life events and depressive symptoms lead to LSE indirectly. Self-blame, perfectionism, seeking love and hopelessness have been identified as mediating factors in the relationship between depressive symptoms and LSE. Although there was a significant correlation between state-anxiety and LSE, as well as LSE and rumination, these two factors did not fit into the model. Conclusions: The new transdiagnostic model of LSE has great potential in the treatment of various mental conditions and may serve as a guide to developing more focused and more effective therapeutic interventions.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a severe respiratory disorder that poses a tremendous burden on healthcare and economic resources. The prevalence of COPD has been steadily rising globally (1) and COPD-associated mortality is predicted to be the third-leading cause of death by 2020 (2). While smoking is one of the major risk factors for developing COPD, other triggers include age, genetic predisposition, and history of bronchial asthma and recurrent respiratory infections (3). Age and COPD prevalence appears to have a positive correlation and approximately 9.0-10.0% of the >40-years population presents with COPD (4). The main goal of COPD management is to maintain stable lung function and prevent acute exacerbations. The pharmacotherapy of COPD includes bronchodilators such as fl2-adrenergic agonists (BAs) and muscarinic antagonists (MAs), and inhaled corticosteroids (5). The preferred route of administration of these agents is via the inhalation due to its advantages GENERAL

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