This paper aims to investigate the short and long term association between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and overall consumer affordability in Malaysia Real Estate Sector using Vector Autoregressive model. Sample period used is 2009:Q1 to 2017:Q4. FDI is scapegoated as the leading cause of decreasing affordability in real estate. In most cases, FDI on real estate contributes to the rising income of the country. Increasing income promotes demand to a higher threshold level. Thus, theoretically will cause housing price to increase. Through this study, evidence of no cointegration and absence of Granger causality converge towards deficiency of relationship among FDI and Housing Affordability Index (HAI). Findings pointed out FDI is not the cause of decreasing HAI.
The health care system in Malaysia has undergone various reforms in order to improve its performance. In Malaysia, secondary and tertiary care services are provided by hospitals, while primary care services are supplied by health clinics. Health clinics are constrained with limited resources in providing health services to the public. The optimum utilization of resources in health clinics is thus critical and warrants empirical investigation. Using data envelopment analysis (DEA) by employing three inputs and three outputs of 32 decision-making units (DMUs), this study aims to measure the technical efficiency and scale efficiency of health clinics in Samarahan District, Sarawak. Data was drawn from 16 public health clinics in the district over 2 years from 2015 to 2016. Our results show that only 34.37% of health clinics are operating at the efficient scale of production within the most productive scale size (MPSS), while the remaining 65.63% of health clinics either experience increasing returns to scale (37.50%) or diminishing returns to scale (28.13%). 68.75% of health clinics are technically efficient while only 31.25% are technically inefficient. The article advances several public policy recommendations for improving the performance of the health clinics.
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