The purpose of the study was to investigate incidence, severity and types of motor problems in two groups of poor readers compared to good reading controls. A group of children with severe dyslexia referred to specialist evaluation, a teacher selected municipality sample comprising the 5% poorest readers, and a control group consisting of the 5% best readers were all assessed applying a norm-based, standardized measure by Henderson and Sugden 1992; (The Movement Assessment Battery for Children. Kent: The Psychological Corporation). The three groups were compared with regard to total motor impairment scores as well as motor function within the areas of manual dexterity, ball-skills and balance. More than 50% of the children in both groups of poor readers showed definite motor coordination difficulties at or below the 5th centile, for which motor intervention is recommended. Children in both groups showed difficulties within the sub-area of manual dexterity in particular and also performed significantly worse than controls within the sub-area of balance, but not in ball-skills. The high incidence of motor coordination problems in the two groups of poor readers indicates that all children with reading difficulties should be screened for possible motor difficulties.

BackgroundThe paper presents the Motor Function Neurological Assessment (MFNU), as a tool for identifying typical motor function problems in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The study investigated motor functions in boys diagnosed with Hyperkinetic Disorder (HKD, F.90.0). HKD corresponds to the ADHD-combined (ADHD-C) diagnosis in the DSM-IV. The paper addresses the ability of the instrument to discriminate between non-medicated boys with HKD and a control group consisting of normal non-referred boys without any clinical significant ADHD symptoms.Methods25 drug-naïve boys, aged 8–12 years and recently diagnosed as HKD F90.0, were compared with 27 controls, all boys in the same age range, on 17 MFNU subtests, and with a 'Total score' parameter.ResultsOn the individual subtests 80–96% (median 88%) of the ADHD group showed 'moderate' to 'severe' problems, compared to 0–44% (median 14.8%) within the control group. The percentage of 'severe problems' ranged from 44–84%, (median 64%) in the ADHD group, and 0–44% (median 0%) in the control group. The highly significant differences found between the groups on all subtests, and on the Total score scores, indicated that the MFNU had a high discriminative power when children with ADHD and normal controls were compared. The Total score parameter seemed to be a meaningful discriminator of a common underlying factor of the 17 subtests used in the study.ConclusionThe study confirms our clinical findings that the MFNU measures a consistent pattern of motor function problems in children with HKD, and that these problems are rarely represented in individuals without ADHD. Further research is needed to investigate to what extent the MFNU taps motor problems that are truly specific to ADHD, in contrast to motor problems common to children with DCD or other clinical problems.

The aim of the study was to evaluate motor function in middle childhood for two groups of children with motor coordination difficulties who had received intervention at the age of 6 years. For group A (n 0/15) a high-dosage, targeted motor skills approach with a high degree of parental involvement had been applied, whereas group B (n 0/15) had received a low-dosage, basic motor skills approach with limited parental involvement. Parental follow-up descriptions of the children's situation at home and at school 1 Á/4 years after intervention, with primary focus on motor function at the levels of activity and participation, were compared with motor function as assessed with the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (M-ABC). No significant differences were found with regard to M-ABC sum-scores, but the parents from group A reported an overall more favourable situation at the levels of activity and participation. The children in group A were physically active, with frequent use of targeted motor skills learned during intervention. The majority of children from both groups displayed comorbid learning difficulties and attention deficits at follow-up. Parents considered their children vulnerable and worried about future social functioning.

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The study's purpose was to explore change and perception of change related to patients with chronic back and/or neck pain through treatment courses of Norwegian psychomotor physiotherapy. A multiple case synthesis of nine cases, nine patients and five physiotherapists, was based on in-depth interviews and repeated video-recordings. Patients wrote reflective notes. In order to study changing processes within and over sessions a two-step procedure was applied: identifying main changing patterns, and identifying patient groups concerning similarities and varieties of main changing patterns. Five changing patterns were identified: (i) to move restricted and non-restricted; (ii) to breathe restricted and non-restricted; (iii) to reflect in a non-exploring and exploring way; (iv) to not transfer and transfer experience from treatment to daily life; and (v) to be detached from and to be in touch with the body. Two patient groups were identified: the limited and the considerable change groups. The process of self-perception seemed to be integrated in all the changing patterns, and to be a basis for reducing pain, and changing movement, breath and expression within and outside therapy. Self-perception appeared as a process of varying acts and self-knowledge. Merleau-Ponty's phenomenological perspective of perception may add to the understanding of change.