Studying and planning urban evolution is essential to understanding the past and designing the cities of the future and can be facilitated by providing means for sharing, visualizing, and navigating in cities, on the web, in space and in time. Standard formats, methods, and tools exist for visualizing large-scale 3D cities on the web. In this article, we go further by integrating the temporal dimension of cities to geospatial web delivery standard formats. In doing so, we enable interactive visualization of large-scale timeevolving 3D city models on the web. A key characteristic of this article lies in the proposed four-step generic approach. First, we design a generic conceptual model of standard formats for delivering 3D cities on the web. Then, we formalize and integrate the temporal dimension of cities to this generic conceptual model. After that, we specify the conceptual model into the 3D Tiles standard at logical and technical specification levels, resulting in an extension of 3D Tiles for delivering time-evolving 3D city models on the web. Finally, we propose an open-source implementation, experiments, and an evaluation of the propositions and visualization rules. We also give access to reproducibility notes allowing researchers to replicate all the experiments.
With an increasingly technological improvement, sensors infrastructure actually supports many current and promising environmental applications. Environmental Monitoring Systems built on such sensors removes geographical, temporal and other restraints while increasing both the coverage and the quality of real world understanding. However, a main issue for such applications is the uncertainty of data coming from sensors, which may impact experts’ decisions. In this paper, the authors address this problem with an approach dedicated to provide environmental monitoring applications and users with data quality information.
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