SummaryObjectiveFructose consumption is a risk factor for metabolic disease. We recently demonstrated that fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a metabolic hormone involved in lipid and glucose metabolism, is acutely stimulated in humans by 75 g oral fructose, with peak levels occurring 2 h after consumption. This study reports on the dose dependency and reproducibility of the FGF21 response to fructose.MethodsLean, healthy adults drank either five different doses of fructose dissolved in water, each separated by 2 weeks, or the same dose on three occasions, each separated by 1 week.ResultsFibroblast growth factor 21 levels peaked at 2 h in a dose‐dependent manner. No significant increase in FGF21 was seen after consumption of 10 g fructose, while robust increases were seen after drinking solutions containing 30, 50 and 75 g. At 2 h, the minimal fold change of FGF21 was highest following a 75 g fructose drink, and all subjects demonstrated at least a doubling of FGF21 levels following consumption of this dose.ConclusionsThe increase in FGF21 following an oral fructose challenge is dose dependent, with levels peaking at 2 h independent of dose. The FGF21 response to 75 g fructose is also highly reproducible within individuals.Clinical ImplicationsBy demonstrating that the FGF21 response to fructose is dose dependent and reproducible, this study deepens current understanding of FGF21 fructose dynamics and physiology in humans. This is an important area of clinical interest given associations between fructose intake and a wide variety of metabolic derangements.
Characteristics of the reproductive cycle of Busilichthys microlepidotu.~ (Jenyns), an atherinid fish living in a South American Mediterranean arid zone, arc analysed. Specimens 9-170 mm in total length were captured from August 1982 to April 1984 in the Rio Choapa, in northern Chile (3 1'45's. 7l.'15'W). Analysis of gonadosomatic index fluctuations, and determination of the proportion of mature males and femalescaptured during the study period, allowed the estimation of the duration of the reproductive cycle.Females 7(t 170 mm in total length contained 2000 -9000 intraovarian oocytes, of which approximately 80% were vitellogenic (IOO-l300 pm in diameter) and exhibited a polymodal distribution. A further 4 to 15% of the total oocytes, measured 170&2000 pm in diameter and appeared ready to be spawned. In 30% of the examined ovaries some of the largest oocytes exhibited signs of degeneration, or atresia. Juveniles approximately 30 mm in total length were captured over most of the study period. Results strongly suggest that E. microlepidotus has multiple spawnings.
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