Introduction The purpose of this article is to present further longitudinal data for short-term and long-term stability, following up our previous article in the surgery literature with a larger sample and 2 years of stability data. Methods Data from 38 patients enrolled in this prospective study were collected before treatment, at maximum expansion, at removal of the expander 6 months later, before any second surgical phase, at the end of orthodontic treatment, and at the 2-year follow-up, by using posteroanterior cephalograms and dental casts. Results With surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion (SARPE), the mean maximum expansion at the first molar was 7.60 ± 1.57 mm, and the mean relapse was 1.83 ± 1.83 mm (24%). Modest relapse after completion of treatment was not statistically significant for all teeth except for the maxillary first molar (0.99 ± 1.1 mm). A significant relationship (P <0.0001) was observed between the amount of relapse after SARPE and the posttreatment observation. At maximum, a skeletal expansion of 3.58 ± 1.63 mm was obtained, and this was stable. Conclusions Skeletal changes with SARPE were modest but stable. Relapse in dental expansion was almost totally attributed to lingual movement of the posterior teeth; 64% of the patients had more than 2 mm of dental changes. Phase 2 surgery did not affect dental relapse.

beta-conglycinin is one of the major seed storage proteins in soybean. It is composed of three subunits, namely alpha, alpha' and beta. The expression of beta-conglycinin is highly regulated, being restricted to the embryo during the mid-maturation phase of embryogeny. Two series of constructs were made with the alpha' subunit promoter and the GUS reporter gene to investigate the cis-acting elements involved in the regulated expression of this promoter. The activity of each construct was tested in transgenic tobacco plants. In the first series of constructs, we checked if the 'legumin box', a sequence found in most legume seed storage protein genes as well as in other seed-specific genes, is involved in the regulated expression of the alpha' subunit of the beta-conglycinin gene in tobacco. To this end, both copies of the alpha' subunit promoter legumin boxes were mutagenized in vitro. The transcriptional activity of the single mutants and the double mutant were compared with that of the wild-type promoter. Our results show that the legumin boxes act together to increase transcription of the beta-conglycinin alpha' subunit gene by about a factor of ten. This is the first demonstration of a function for the legumin box in transcriptional regulation. In the second series of experiments, we wished to determine if the 3' part of the promoter (the CCAAT and TATAA region) contains important regulatory elements. We found that this small fragment (-82 to +13 bp) can confer by itself a low level of seed-specific gene expression. Chimaeric promoters constructed from parts of the alpha' subunit promoter and of the constitutive CaMV 35S promoter were also analysed. These constructs also revealed the importance of the CCAAT and TATAA region of the alpha' subunit promoter in seed-specific gene expression.

Objective-To assess the amount of dental and skeletal expansion and stability following surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion,.Methods-Data from 20 patients enrolled in the prospective study were collected prior to treatment, at maximum expansion, at the removal of the expander 6 months later, prior to the second surgical phase if there was one, and at the end of post-surgical orthodontics using P-A cephalograms and dental casts.Results-With SARPE the mean maximum expansion at the first molar was 7.48 ± 1.39 mm and the mean relapse during post-surgical orthodontics was 2.22 ± 1.39 mm (30%). At the maximum, 3.49 ± 1.37 mm skeletal expansion was obtained, and this was stable, so the average net expansion was 67% skeletal.Conclusion-Clinicians should anticipate loss of about one-third of the transverse dental expansion obtained with SARPE although the skeletal expansion is quite stable. The amount of post-surgical relapse with SARPE appears quite similar to the changes in dental arch dimensions after non-surgical rapid palatal expansion, and also quite similar to dental arch changes after segmental maxillary osteotomy for expansion.Although a number of reports on stability after surgically-assisted rapid palatal expansion (SARPE) have been published, surprisingly little detailed information exists to document postsurgical changes with this procedure, differentiating dental and skeletal outcomes. This is the case for two reasons: most of the previous studies have used only dental casts or direct measurements of dental arch dimensions, without the use of P-A cephalograms (ceph) so that skeletal change could be differentiated from tooth movement, 1-5 and stability often was reported from the end of post-expansion orthodontic treatment, not from the point of maximum expansion. 1-4More recent papers using pre-and post-expansion P-A ceph and dental casts have reported more change than the earlier ones. In a series of 14 cases, Byloff and Mossaz observed a mean 8.7 mm expansion at the first molar, and on the average, 36% of this expansion (3.1 mm) had relapsed on debonding. 6 The skeletal expansion was 1.3 mm or 24 % of the dental expansion.Corresponding author: Dr. Sylvain Chamberland, 10345 Boul. de l'Ormiere, Quebec, Qc, Canada G2B 3L2, email: drsylchamberland@biz.videotron.ca, phone : 418-847-1115. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. NIH Public Access NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptBerger et al reported an average of 2.49 mm of skeletal expansion (52% of the dental expansion). 7 Nevertheless, two recent syst...

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Objective: To evaluate the role of age as a moderator of bone regeneration patterns and symphysis remodeling after genioplasty. Method: Fifty-four patients who underwent genioplasty at the end of their orthodontic treatment were divided into three age groups: younger than 15 years at the time of surgery (group 1), 15 to 19 years (group 2), and 20 years or older (group 3). Twenty-three patients who did not accept genioplasty and had a follow-up radiograph 2 years after the end of their orthodontic treatment were used as a control group. Patients were evaluated at three time points: immediate preoperative (T1), immediate postoperative (T2,) and 2 years postsurgery (T3). Results: The mean genial advancement at surgery was similar for the three age groups, but the extent of remodeling around the repositioned chin was greater in group 1, less in group 2, and still less in group 3. Symphysis thickness increased significantly during the 2-year postsurgery interval for the three groups, and this increase was significantly greater in group 1 than in group 3. Remodeling above and behind the repositioned chin also was greater in the younger patients. This was related to greater vertical growth of the dentoalveolar process in the younger patients. There was no evidence of a deleterious effect on mandibular growth. Conclusion: The outcomes of forward-upward genioplasty include increased symphysis thickness, bone apposition above B point, and remodeling at the inferior border. When indications for this type of genioplasty are recognized, early surgical correction (before age 15) produces a better outcome in terms of bone remodeling. (Angle Orthod. 2015;85:360-373.)