Since right-handed neutrinos are singlets of gauge symmetry in the Standard Model, we extend the minimal supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) with the right-handed neutrino superfield N in the most general way. N gets a vacuum expectation value through vacuum spontaneous breaking, see-saw mechanism can be realized, and the becomes part of our model.

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This study explores the potentiality of the zinc and iron-based perovskite cathode materials in intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), for which BaFe0.8Zn0.1Nb0.1O3‑δ (BFZNO:1) and BaFe0.6Zn0.3Nb0.1O3‑δ (BFZNO:2) materials with cubic crystal phase purity were considered. These materials have been effectively synthesized by employing the sol–gel autocombustion process. The structural details and phase purity of the synthesized nanomaterials were confirmed from the data obtained from the XRD patterns, while SEM images revealed that both materials are highly porous with grain sizes of 200–250 nm and 55–65 nm for BFZNO:1 and BFZNO:2, respectively. The DC electrical conductivity of BFZNO:1 was estimated as 3.98 S/cm and that of BFZNO:2 as 3.56 S/cm at 700 °C. The BFZNO:1 exhibited a superior current density of 1360 mAcm–2, a power density of 530 mW cm–2, and an open circuit voltage of 1.29 at an intermediate temperature of 700 °C, confirming the potential of Zn and Fe-based perovskite cathode materials for application in intermediate temperature SOFCs.

The presence of more than three generation of particles, predicted by various models beyond Standard Model (SM), can be the answer to several unanswered questions. In this paper, we discover a mass space by generalizing the Koide's relation over the leptons section of SM and deduce some new symmetric relations. By using the magnitude dilation and angular rotation ratio between these relations, we predict the masses of the fourth generation particles. Also, this model constraints the existence of fifth generation leptons which up to now no theory can do.