This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of vitamin A (Vit A) and probiotic co-supplementation with rabies vaccine on humoral immune response in New Zealand white (NZW) rabbits. For this experiment, 54 rabbits were randomized into six experimental and three control groups. Mixed cultures of commercial probiotics supplements and a dose of Vit A were administered to each animal. Results were compared with the control group fed with only basal diet. Animals in different treatment groups showed significantly higher sero-conversions against rabies vaccine. There was a significant increase (p < 0.001) in the titers of rabies antibodies in all treatment groups on 14th and 35th days than control C3 group. Both commercial probiotics irrespective of brand increase the humoral immune response of rabbits against rabies vaccine. The mean titer values of all groups G1-G6 and sub-controls (C1, C2) were generally above 3.6 EU/ml on day 14th and between 3.7 and 3.9 EU/ml, showing highest sero-conversion on 35th day than mean titer of C3 control = 3.091 and 3.505 EU/ml respectively on both days. The maximum titer values were obtained with the addition of organic carrots to the daily diet. These results suggest that simple dietary interventions using probiotics and Vit A in natural form may enhance the efficacy of rabies vaccine in the host. These cost-effective strategies can be applied for getting higher yields of polyclonal antibody production in animal models, thus providing promising means of improving the final product yield and can be adopted easily by the manufacturers.
Attenuated measles virus (MV) is an attractive candidate to prevent infectious disease like measles thus making it a safe and effective vaccine available against this can be a fatal disease. In countries like Pakistan having hot and humid climate stability of vaccine, the titre is the important and foremost factor for successful immunization session. Prevalence of measles virus can increase due to the ineffective or poor-quality vaccine. To ensure the quality and efficacy of the vaccine WHO has taken numerous measures and made guidelines for regulatory authorities. The current study highlights the consistency of measles vaccine at raised temperatures. In this study, 30 batches were tested. The stability studies were carried out on finished products stored at 2-8°C and raised the temperature of 37°C for seven days in accordance with ICH Guidelines of stability testing of Biological products. This study provides an evaluation of real-time stability shelf life and thermostability studies. The verdicts specify long-term thermostability and verify that this vaccine can remain effectual under the setting of routine use when recommended procedures for storage and handling are tracked in factual essence.
The treatment of choice for the snake bite is the administration IgG antibodies that are raised in an animal body thorough immunization of the animals. To avoid potential adverse reactions that arises from introduction of animal antiserum in human body, the antibody needs to be purified from the other non-specific proteins like albumin. Optimal conditions for the fractionation of IgG's were studied; ammonium sulfate was added to plasma up to 40% concentration to separate non-specific proteins, iso electric separation was carried out at pH 5.4, and the final IgG's fractionation by the addition of ammonium sulfate up to 50% concentration. A highly purified and concentrated mixture of IgG's was obtained after removal of ammonium sulfate through dialysis. The resulting anti venom was of good quality in terms of purity and was found to be highly potent against venoms of all four types of snakes. Owing to the high purity and greater potency of the anti venom the method has potential to be used for lab and commercial scale production of anti venom.
Background: On July 24, 2017, two cases suspected of acute watery diarrhea (AWD) were reported from tertiary care hospital, Rawalpindi. District health authorities directed to conduct outbreak investigation, identified risk factors and recommend control measures. Methods: A descriptive followed by age-sex matched case control study (1:3) was done from Jul 27 to Aug 02, 2017. Case definition was "sudden onset of loose watery stools (? 3 in past 24hrs) with any of symptoms i.e. vomiting, nausea, abdominal cramps or fever in residents of Amar Pura from July 19 to August 02, 2017". Active and passive case finding technique were done in addtion to hosptial record review. Total 02 stool and 03 water samples were collected for microbiological testing. Odd ratios computed on 95% confidence interval and P value <0.05. Results: Total 18 cases were identified (mean age: 16 year; range: 02 m-55yrs), predominate were male 2.6:1. Overall attack rate (AR) was 7.2/1000 and preponderate affected age group was 15-24 years (AR: 10/1000). Significantly associated risk factors were; use of untreated municipal water (OR:15, CI: 4.00-73.96) and use of untreated well water (OR:14.52, CI: 3.98-59.99). Use of water from filtration plant was found protective association (OR: 0.12, CI: 0.005-0.750). Laboratory found Vibrio Cholera Serotype Inaba in stool samples and coliforms in water samples. Conclusion: Consumption of contaminated water was most probable cause of outbreak. Use of filtered water was found to be a protective measure. Chlorination of water sources and health awareness sessions on water sanitation and hygiene were done in community.
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