RESUMENCaracterización del aceite de semilla de Moringa oleifera procedente de regiones de secano y de regadío del Punjab paquistaní.La intención del presente estudio ha sido la de investigar la composición del aceite obtenido de la semilla de M. oleifera cultivada en regiones de secano y de regadío Paquistaní. El , respectivamente. Estos resultados ponen de manifiesto que la procedencia de secano es el factor que más visiblemente influyen en el aumento del periodo de inducción y del contenido de C22:0 en los aceites, así como de la reducción del peso de la semilla, de la producción de aceite, del índice de yodo y del contenido en C18:1. PALABRAS-CLAVE: Ácidos grasos -Alto oleico -Caracterización -Moringa oleifera -Periodo de inducción -Secano -Tocoferoles. SUMMARY Characterization of Moringa oleifera Seed oil from Drought and Irrigated Regions of Punjab, PakistanThe aim of the present study was to investigate the composition of M.oleifera seed oil from drought and irrigated regions of Pakistan. The induction period (Rancimat 20L/h, 120 °C) of the M.oleifera oil from the drought region was significantly higher (9.63 h) as compared with those of irrigated regions (8.74, 8.33 h). Specific extinctions at 232 and 270 nm were 1.92 and 1.98, 1.68; 1.02 and 0.97, 0.75 respectively. The overall contents of tocopherols (α, γ and δ), which did not differ significantly in the Moringa oils from both regions ranged from 95. 85-103.80, 80.26-86.56 and 55.75-64.55 mg kg -1 respectively. Fatty acid profiles of the M.oleifera oils from drought and irrigated regions of Punjab consisted in a high level of oleic acid (up to 72.68 and 75.55, 74.66 %) followed by palmitic and behenic acid (up to 9.26 and 8.76, 9.20 and 5.46 and 3.72, 4.53 %) respectively. Results of various physical and chemical parameters of the investigated M.oleifera seed oils revealed that drought is one of the most visible factors that have amplified the induction period and C22:0 content of the oils and reduced seed weight, oil yield, iodine value and C18:1 content.

In organic molecules, the reactivity at the carbon atom next to the functional group is dramatically different from that at other carbon atoms. Herein, we report that a versatile copper-catalyzed method enables successive dehydrogenation or dehydrogenation of ketones, aldehydes, alcohols, α,β-unsaturated diesters, and N-heterocycles to furnish stereodefined conjugated dienecarbonyls, polyenecarbonyls, and nitrogen-containing heteroarenes. On the basis of mechanistic studies, the copper-catalyzed successive dehydrogenation process proceeds via the initial α,β-desaturation followed by further dehydrogenative desaturation of the resultant enone intermediate, demonstrating that the reactivity at α-carbon is transferred through carbon–carbon double bond or longer π-system to the carbon atoms at the positions γ, ε, and η to carbonyl groups. The dehydrogenative desaturation–relay is ascribed to the formation of an unusual radical intermediate stabilized by 5- or 7,- or 9-center π-systems. The discovery of successive dehydrogenation may open the door to functionalizations of the positions distant from functional groups in organic molecules.

When subjected to the conditions of a Semmler-Wolff/Schroeter aromatization, the oximes of 4-benzyl-substituted tetralones undergo an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction to form tetracyclic frameworks.