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The given work is centered on the effect of entrepreneurial orientation on the firm performance mediated by organizational learning while the relationship of organizational learning and firm performance moderated by environmental turbulence. It enhances the literature by differentiating performances of IT firms and by describing how the five dimensions of EO impact the firm performances through organizational learning. This study observed the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance through organizational learning and moderated by environmental turbulence. To achieve this aim, deductive approach was adopted. The sample size of the study was 250 respondents and data were collected from software houses of Pakistan. Data were collected through questionnaires. The proposed hypotheses analyzed by doing the SEM in Smart‐PLS. The results demonstrate the mediating impact of organizational learning between the relationship of entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance. It was accepted and the reasons being that exploration of new ideas will help the employee to more learning that enhances their performance to achieve the project goals and objectives. The results also demonstrate the moderating impact of environmental turbulence between the relationship of organizational learning and firm performance. The results indicate that the five dimensions of EO, organizational learning, environmental turbulence, and their influence on firm performance. Managers can use these results to monitor, control, and influence the performance of projects and firm performance. The study is unique in its scope and implications as the focus is upon empirical investigation of the entrepreneurial orientation and organizational learning in the context of Asia focusing Pakistan. The originality of this study is that it undoes how the five dimensions of EO impact the firm performance. Second, it shows the moderated role of environmental turbulence between OL and firm performance. This study fills a gap in the literature by describing the organizational learning mediating the relationship of EO and firm performance and adds the argument on the results relating the relationship between EO and firm performance. The given work is focused on the impact of entrepreneurial orientation on the firm performance through organizational learning while using environmental turbulence as a moderator. A deductive approach was adopted in this study. The sample size of the study was 250 respondents and data were collected through questionnaires from software houses of Pakistan. The anticipated hypotheses analyzed by doing the SEM in Smart‐PLS. All hypotheses were accepted and managers can use these results to monitor, control, and influence the performance of projects and their firm to accomplish the project objectives and intentions. The study is exclusive in its scope and implications as the emphasis is upon experimental research of the EO and OL in the context of Asia especially Pakistan. The uniqueness of this study is t...

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The Thal region of Punjab often experiences dry weather conditions with extreme variability in rainfall on a spatiotemporal scale during Rabi cropping season. The current study assesses the impacts of agricultural drought on wheat crops for 2000–2015. MOD13Q1 and CHIRPS data were used for identifying and assessing variation in agricultural drought patterns and severity. SPI, NDVI, VCI, STVI and wheat crop yield anomalies were computed to characterize the gravity of drought across the Thal region. The results indicate that the wheat Rabi cropping seasons of the years 2000–2002 experienced extreme agricultural drought, with a spatial difference in severity level causing low and poor yield, while the years 2011 and 2014 were almost normal among all the years, leaving varied impacts on wheat yield. The combined agricultural risk map was generated by integrating the agricultural and meteorological droughts severity maps. The combined risk map generated using weighted overlay analysis of all the parameters indicate that the total Thal area can be classified into slight, moderate and no drought covering 28.12, 12.76, and 59.12% respectively of the total area. Hence an agricultural risk map would be extremely helpful as a tool to guide the decision-making process for monitoring drought risk on agricultural productivity.

Climate change and human activities have resulted in the receding of glaciers throughout the world including Pakistan. Glacier lake outburst floods (GLOFs) are amongst the most common climate‐change‐induced hazards in northern Pakistan. In the present study, GLOF mapping and modelling was carried out using remote sensing and geographical information system techniques coupled with ground‐truthing. Change detection techniques such as the normalized difference water index were applied on Landsat imagery for the identification of the temporal behaviour of Darkut glacial lake for the last 25 years. The depth of the lake was estimated to be 81 m and the volume of the lake was calculated using a digital terrain model and extracted as 9.79 × 106 m3. The glacial lake extent has increased from 0.045 to 0.154 km2 in the last two decades. Two GLOF scenarios (peak and extreme flood) were developed on an existing volume of water in the study. There are 14 households exposed to medium flood and 10 to low flood risk while one helipad and one school are also in the low flood zone in the first scenario (i.e. peak flood) based on 87.84 m3·s−1 of water. The second scenario (i.e. extreme flood) was executed on 3,128 m3·s−1 of water, in which 14 households are at high flood risk, eight at medium and 35 in a low flood zone, as well as one school, a helipad and a community stockpile which are exposed to low flood. The outcomes of the study will help in the development of risk management plans, preparedness strategies and risk reduction from GLOF hazard.

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The required skill sets for dealing with solid waste management are lacking in developing countries. Further, this issue is compounded by the rapid growth of waste generation in those countries. This study helps to address this problem by performing a landfill site selection for the Twin Cities of Pakistan. The study uses a multi-criteria decision model for siting a suitable landfill utilizing Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The use of geospatial technology provides network-based spatial analysis and assists in modeling practical network situations. In particular, this analysis accounts for proximity to urban/residential areas, road networks, water streams, and water reservoirs/lakes. It also accounts for land slope and land use/land cover. The results indicate that 96.3% of the Twin Cities area is unsuitable, 1.6% is moderately suitable, and 2.1% is most suitable. The results of the study identify appropriate sites for more detailed analysis based on current and future land use, population growth, and waste generation. As similar challenges of handling solid waste are common in developing countries, this study can serve as a guide in other developing countries.