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Graphical abstract A sizeable amount of scholarly work has been done on different aspects of financial, economic, and environmental factors. In the present study, the nonlinearity is determined between financial development and carbon dioxide emissions in the long-run and short-run periods. According to the finding, the continued financial development initially increases the carbon dioxide emissions in the short and long run. Simultaneously, the square term of financial development reduces carbon dioxide emissions and proves the inverted U-shaped hypothesis in the short and long periods. The consumption of fossil fuels produces carbon dioxide emissions, leading to environmental pollution. In contrast, renewable energy sources have fostered ecological sustainability by reducing CO 2 emissions in the long and short term. At the same time, a positive response from labor productivity to carbon dioxide emissions causes environmental pollution, while capital formation is not acknowledged as a significant contributor to CO 2 emissions. The Error Correction term has ascertained the reduction in error and convergence of the model from short to long term with a speed of 8% per annum. The study suggested that renewable energy and financial development should be indorsed for environmental preservation in developing European and Central Asian economies. Financial development in favor of low-cost renewables, advancing cleaner production methods, solar paneling, and electrification are a few possible remedies to achieve environmental sustainability in the short-run as well as long-run time frame.

Objective: To determine the role of angiography for the assessment the type of patent ductus arteriosus in children under 18 years. Study Design: Observational Retrospective study. Setting: Children’s Hospital Lahore. Period: October 2021 to February 2022. Material & Methods: The sample size calculated was 245 but, at the end of the period of four months only 120 patients fulfilled the criteria and were included in this study convenient sampling technique was used to collect the data. Patients with patent ductus arteriosus were included in this study. Patients with other congenital heart diseases were excluded. Essential measurements included Types of Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA), (PDA) Size, Ampulla Size, Aortic and Pulmonary systolic and diastolic pressures. Results: In this study 120 patients with PDA were included. Out of 120, 38 (31.7%) patients were male and 82 (68.3%) patients were female. The age range of the patients was 8 months to 18 years (mean;5.44 ± 3.972 years). The weight range of the patients was 5.3 to 41 Kg (mean;16.05 ± 8.38Kg). The mean PDA size was 4.01 ± 1.80. The mean Ampulla size was 9.92 ± 3.13. The types of PDA detected by angiography were Type A 59(49%), Type B 15(12.5%), Type C 20(16.7%), Type D 20(16.7%), Type E 5(4%), Type F 1(0.8%). The mean Aortic systolic pressure was 105.5±18.99 and diastolic pressure was 57.2 ±14.4. The mean Pulmonary Artery systolic pressure was 47.4 ± 23.3 and diastolic pressure was 27.7 ±14.2. Conclusion: Angiography was found more accurate for the assessment of all the anatomical types of PDA especially TYPE B, C, D and F. More precise measurements of the ampulla and PDA sizes were obtained using angiography. We may conclude that Angiography is a much better and good modality than other modalities for the assessment of the types of PDA.