Meningitis caused by Salmonella enteritidis is an uncommon infection, linked with great mortality and neurological problems, which makes prompt diagnosis and treatment very crucial. Patients of bacterial meningitis present with common symptoms such as headache, fever, altered level of consciousness, and neck rigidity. A positive gram stain or culture of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leads to its diagnosis. In this report, we present a case of a 16-year-old male with extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Salmonella typhi meningitis, which was not responsive to initial medical intervention. He was treated with meropenem, imipenem, azithromycin, and metronidazole. Immediate tracheostomy and intubation were performed in the surgical intensive care unit (ICU), as the patient had developed stridor, shortness of breath, tachypnea, tachycardia, and had severely decreased O2 saturation of 60%. As far as treatment is concerned, third-generation cephalosporins are considered the treatment of choice. In addition, the use of fluoroquinolones and carbapenems, mainly meropenem, has also been described as a therapeutic alternative.
Endoscopy nowadays is widely used as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool for various gastrointestinal diseases due to it being less invasive and safer. However, amongst some adverse events is delayed bleeding. The definition of delayed bleeding requires endoscopic hemostasis and/or blood transfusion after at least two days of treatment. (1) Oesophageal cancer is comparatively more common in Pakistan, being 7th most common malignancy in men and 6th most common in women in Karachi. (2) Oesophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection (E-ESD) employed in the treatment of the above- mentioned cancer has an incidence of delayed bleeding of about 1.3-6.7%. (1) The prevalence of gastric cancer across Pakistan was about 2-18% (3), for which endoscopic submucosal dissection is often used has an incidence of delayed bleeding of 4.7-15.6%. (1) Endoscopic therapy for gastroesophageal varices can also result in delayed bleeding, the incidence of which easily reaches up to 10%. (1) In a retrospective cohort study of 124,422 patients conducted in Japan, it was found that vonoprazan was more effective in reducing the risk of delayed bleeding compared to omeprazole. (OR= 0.75) (1) Vonoprazan works by competitively inhibiting the potassium-acid channel resulting in strong and sustained acid inhibition. (4) It was also found to have a superior effect in the eradication of H Pylori and an equal effect in acid-related disorders. (5) In the retrospective study mentioned above, it is also worth noting that the efficacy of vonoprazan was variable with respect to procedures and was most prominent with gastroduodenal endoscopic submucosal dissection (OR=0.70). (1) Other procedures did not elicit any significant difference. In addition, standard/high dose vonoprazan proved to be most efficacious in reducing the risk of delayed bleeding compared with standard/high-dose PPI and low-dose vonoprazan. It was also observed that patients taking anti-thrombotic medications at a higher risk of delayed bleeding also benefited from high-dose vonoprazan. (OR=0.74) (1) The findings above compel the conclusion that high dose vonoprazan should be ideal for reducing the risk of delayed bleeding in patients who have undergone gastroduodenal endoscopic submucosal dissection and/or are on anti-thrombotics. Though high-dose vonoprazan does look promising, it is imperative that more randomized controlled trials on more diverse populations be conducted to further explore its efficacy and safety as the drug might be a potential first line of therapy.
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