Zinc (Zn) deficiency in humans is an emerging global health issue affecting approximately two billion people across the globe. The situation prevails due to the intake of Zn deficient grains and vegetables worldwide. Clinical identification of Zn deficiency in humans remains problematic because the symptoms do not appear until impair the vital organs, such as the gastrointestinal track, central nervous system, immune system, skeletal, and nervous system. Lower Zn body levels are also responsible for multiple physiological disorders, such as apoptosis, organs destruction, DNA injuries, and oxidative damage to the cellular components through reactive oxygen species (ROS). The oxidative damage causes chronic inflammation lead toward several chronic diseases, such as heart diseases, cancers, alcohol-related malady, muscular contraction, and neuro-pathogenesis. The present review focused on the physiological and growth-related changes in humans under Zn deficient conditions, mechanisms adopted by the human body under Zn deficiency for the proper functioning of the body systems, and the importance of nutritional and nutraceutical approaches to overcome Zn deficiency in humans and concluded that the biofortified food is the best source of Zn as compared to the chemical supplementation to avoid their negative impacts on human.
Background: BCG is a vaccine obtained by attenuating Mycobacterium bovis. It is a fairly safe vaccine with no associated complications. Aim: To determine the frequency of accelerated BCG response in BCG vaccinated children. Study design: Descriptive case series. Methodology: A total of 124 already BCG vaccinated patients, having age in the range of 6 months to 10 years of either gender were included in the study. Patients with known case of TB and any other systemic disease were excluded. After this, BCG vaccination was given by the researcher himself who noted the in-duration after 72 hrs of BCG vaccination accelerated response of BCG. Chi square test was applied with P-value <0.05 as significant. Results: Mean age was 6.02±2.22 years. Out of the 124 patients, 63(50.81%) were male and 61(49.19%) were females. Mean duration of previous BCG was 4.75±2.41 years. Frequency of accelerated BCG response in BCG vaccinated children was found in 76(61.29%) patients. Conclusion: This study concluded that the frequency of accelerated BCG response in BCG vaccinated children was 61.29%. So, we suggested that public awareness programs should be arranged to educate people for compulsory BCG vaccination of their children. Keywords: Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) Vaccine, Accelerated BCG Response and Tuberculosis.
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