Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have recently emerged as a prominent neural computing paradigm. However, the typical shallow spiking network architectures have limited capacity for expressing complex representations, while training a very deep spiking network has not been successful so far. Diverse methods have been proposed to get around this issue such as converting off-line trained deep Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) to SNNs. However, ANN-SNN conversion scheme fails to capture the temporal dynamics of a spiking system. On the other hand, it is still a difficult problem to directly train deep SNNs using input spike events due to the discontinuous and non-differentiable nature of spike generation function. To overcome this problem, we propose an approximate derivative method that accounts for leaky behavior of LIF neuron. This method enables training of deep convolutional SNNs with input spike events using spike-based backpropagation algorithm. Our experiments show the effectiveness of the proposed spike-based learning strategy on state-of-the-art deep networks (VGG and Residual architectures) by achieving the best classification accuracies in MNIST, SVHN and CIFAR-10 datasets compared to other SNNs trained with spike-based learning. Moreover, we analyze sparse event-based computations to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed SNN training method for inference operation in the spiking domain. and show remarkable results, which occasionally outperform human-level performance [20,13,40]. To that effect, deploying deep learning is becoming necessary not only on large-scale computers, but also on edge devices (e.g. phone, tablet, smart watch, robot etc.). However, the ever-growing complexity of the state-of-the-art deep neural networks together with the explosion in the amount of data to be processed, place significant energy demands on current computing platforms. For example, a deep ANN model requires unprecedented amount of computing hardware resources that often requires huge computing power of cloud servers and significant amount of time to train.Spiking Neural Network (SNN) is one of the leading candidates for overcoming the constraints of neural computing and to efficiently harness the machine learning algorithm in real-life (or mobile) applications [28,5]. The concepts of SNN, which is often regarded as the 3 rd generation neural network [27], are inspired by biologically plausible Leaky Integrate and Fire (LIF) spiking neuron models [6] that can efficiently process spatio-temporal information. The LIF neuron model is characterized by the internal state, called membrane potential, that integrates the inputs over time and generates an output spike whenever it overcomes the neuronal firing threshold. This mechanism enables event-based and asynchronous computations across the layers on spiking systems, which makes it naturally suitable for ultra-low power computing. Furthermore, recent works [38,35] have shown that these properties make SNNs significantly more attractive for deeper networks in the case of h...

No abstract

No abstract

Deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) based supervised learning is a widely practiced approach for large-scale image classification. However, retraining these large networks to accommodate new, previously unseen data demands high computational time and energy requirements. Also, previously seen training samples may not be available at the time of retraining. We propose an efficient training methodology and incrementally growing DCNN to learn new tasks while sharing part of the base network. Our proposed methodology is inspired by transfer learning techniques, although it does not forget previously learned tasks. An updated network, for learning new set of classes, is formed using previously learned convolutional layers (shared from initial part of base network) with addition of few newly added convolutional kernels included in the later layers of the network. We employed a 'clone-and-branch' technique with calibration, which allows the network to learn new tasks (containing classes with similar features as old tasks) one after another without any performance loss in old tasks. We evaluated the proposed scheme on several recognition applications. The classification accuracy achieved by our approach is comparable to the regular incremental learning approach (where networks are updated with new training samples only, without any network sharing), while achieving energy efficiency, reduction in storage requirements, memory access and training time.

Neural networks, with their remarkable ability to derive meaning from a large volume of complicated or imprecise data, can be used to extract patterns and detect trends that are too complex for the von Neumann computing paradigm. Their considerable computational requirements stretch the capabilities of even modern computing platforms. We propose an approximate multiplier that exploits the inherent application resilience to error and utilizes the notion of computation sharing to achieve improved energy consumption for neural networks. We also propose a Multiplier-less Artificial Neuron (MAN), which is even more compact and energy efficient. We also propose a network retraining methodology to recover some of the accuracy loss due to the use of these approximate multipliers. We evaluated the proposed algorithm/design on several recognition applications. The results show that we achieve ∼33%, ∼32%, and ∼25% reduction in power consumption and ∼33%, ∼34%, and ∼27% reduction in area, respectively, for 12-, 8-, and 4-bit MAN, with a maximum ∼2.4% loss in accuracy compared to a conventional neuron implementation of equivalent bit precision. These comparisons were performed under iso-speed conditions.

In this paper, a new approach toward the design of a memristor based nonvolatile static randomaccess memory (SRAM) cell using a combination of memristor and metal-oxide semiconductor devices is proposed. Memristor and MOSFETs of the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company's 180-nm technology are used to form a single cell. The predicted area of this cell is significantly less and the average read-write power is ∼25 times less than a conventional 6-T SRAM cell of the same complementary metaloxide semiconductor technology. Read time is much less than the 6-T SRAM cell. However, write time is a bit higher, and can be improved by increasing the mobility of the memristor. The nonvolatile characteristic of the cell makes it attractive for nonvolatile random access memory design.

No abstract

In this era of machine learning models, their functionality is being threatened by adversarial attacks. In the face of this struggle for making artificial neural networks robust, finding a model, resilient to these attacks, is very important. In this work, we present, for the first time, a comprehensive analysis of the behavior of more bio-plausible networks, namely Spiking Neural Network (SNN) under state-of-the-art adversarial tests. We perform a comparative study of the accuracy degradation between conventional VGG-9 Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and equivalent spiking network with CIFAR-10 dataset in both whitebox and blackbox setting for different types of single-step and multi-step FGSM (Fast Gradient Sign Method) attacks. We demonstrate that SNNs tend to show more resiliency compared to ANN under blackbox attack scenario. Additionally, we find that SNN robustness is largely dependent on the corresponding training mechanism. We observe that SNNs trained by spike-based backpropagation are more adversarially robust than the ones obtained by ANN-to-SNN conversion rules in several whitebox and blackbox scenarios. Finally, we also propose a simple, yet, effective framework for crafting adversarial attacks from SNNs. Our results suggest that attacks crafted from SNNs following our proposed method are much stronger than those crafted from ANNs.