There are approximately 112 million working equids in developing countries, many of which are associated with brick kilns. Brick kilns and overloading are associated with welfare problems in working equids. Understanding equids’ abilities and influencing factors are important for both effective performance and welfare. Traditionally, measurement of the amount of ‘bone’ was used, and more recently, gait symmetry has been identified as a potential marker for loading capacity. Assessment of stride parameters and gait kinematics provides insights into adaptations to loading and may help determine cut-off loads. Physiological factors such as the ability to regain normal heart rates shortly after work is an important tool for equine fitness assessment and a more accurate measure of load-carrying capacity than absolute heart rate. Oxidative stress, plasma lactate, and serum creatine kinase activity are reliable biochemical indicators of loading ability. For monitoring stress, salivary cortisol is superior to serum cortisol level for assessment of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and is related to eye temperatures, but this has yet to be interpreted in terms of load-carrying ability in equids. Further research is needed to standardize the evidence-based load-carrying capacity of working horses and donkeys.

Working donkeys (Equus asinus) are vital to people's livelihoods. They are essential for carrying goods, however, globally, overloading is one of the primary welfare concerns for working donkeys. We studied mounted load carrying by donkeys and associated factors in Pakistan. A cross-sectional study of donkey owners (n = 332) was conducted, and interviews were undertaken based on a questionnaire. Owners estimated that the median weight of their donkeys was 110 kg [interquartile range (IQR) 100–120 kg], and that they carried a median mounted load of 81.5 kg (IQR 63–99 kg). We found that 87.4% of donkeys carried a load above 50% of their bodyweight ratio (BWR), the median BWR carried was 77.1% (IQR 54.5–90.7%), and 25.3% of donkeys carried above 90% BWR. Donkeys that were loaded at more than 50% BWR were more likely to adopt sternal recumbency compared to donkeys loaded with less weight (P = 0.01). Donkeys carrying construction material were more likely to carry more than the median BWR, when compared to domestic loads (P < 0.001). Younger donkeys aged between one and 5 years carried more than the median BWR compared to those aged over 15 years (P = 0.03). For the models with donkeys carrying median BWR and above 90% BWR, those working in peri-urban and urban areas were more likely to carry a greater BWR than donkeys working in rural areas (P < 0.001; P < 0.001, respectively). For donkeys carrying more than 90% BWR, mixed breed donkeys carried higher loads compared to other breeds of donkeys (P < 0.001). Overloading based on current recommendations (50% BWR) was common, with the majority (87.4%) of donkeys reported to carry more than the recommended 50% limit. This survey provides evidence of on-the-ground working practices and factors associated with mounted load carrying, which is critical for developing evidence-based recommendations for loading, in order to improve the welfare of working donkeys.

The purpose of review article is to find herbal drug for treatment of some diseases. Several side effects came from chemical drugs. Use of non-chemical, non-invasive natural remedies have no major adverse effect because contain naturally active biological components, therefore they have paying much attention within recent years. Possible usage of leaf extract of Papaya for treatment of dengue fever promising cure for dengue patients. Pomegranate contains high level of antioxidants which make it one of the best fruits for boosting blood count. Phenolic compound extraction from extra virgin olive oil has immune modulatory and anti-inflammatory effects in Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. Wound healing properties are exerted from aloe Vera gel. Fenugreek seed best natural remedy for Poly ovarian cyst syndrome (POCS). Garlic and ginger are organosulfur compounds consisting upon its bio actives having an important role in cardiovascular diseases and cancer respectively.Nigella sativa recently demonstrates the role in diabetes mellitus. Allium cepa. L (Onion) contain phytochemicals that have antidiabetic, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, antibiotic, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiplatelet effects on the human health.

Working donkeys (Equus asinus) are vital to peoples livelihoods. They are essential for carrying goods, however globally, overloading is one of the primary welfare concerns of working donkeys. We studied mounted load carrying by donkeys and associated factors in Pakistan. A cross-sectional study of donkey owners (n = 332) was conducted, and interviews were undertaken based on a questionnaire. Owners estimated that the median weight of their donkeys was 110kg (interquartile range (IQR) 100-120kg), and that they carried a median mounted load of 81.5kg (IQR 63-99kg). We found that 87.4% of donkeys carried a load above 50% of their bodyweight ratio (BWR), the median BWR carried was 77.1% (IQR 54.5-90.7%), and 25.3% of donkeys carried above 90% BWR. Donkeys that were loaded at more than 50% BWR were more likely to sit, compared to donkeys loaded with less weight (p=0.01). Donkeys working in peri-urban and urban areas were more likely to carry a greater BWR than donkeys working in rural areas (P<0.001), as were those carrying construction materials or bricks, compared to agricultural materials (p=0.004). Age (p=0.03) and breed (p=0.01) were also associated with carrying a higher weight. Overloading based on current recommendations (50% BWR) was common, with the majority (87.4%) of donkeys reported to carry more than the recommended 50% limit. This survey provides evidence of on-the-ground working practices and factors associated with mounted load carrying, which is critical for developing evidence-based recommendations for loading, in order to improve the welfare of working donkeys.

Background: Recognizing of factors involved in the cessation and interruption of a disease like tuberculosis are important and can help us to improve the treatment strategy and educational status of the patients. We assessed the causes of treatment cessation in the patients suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis referred to the tuberculosis Center No.2 in Khorasan Province of Iran during the years March 2003 to March 2005. Methods: A descriptive and retrospective study of casesheets of all pulmonary tuberculosis' patients who were referred to the Mashhad Health Center No. 2 during the years 2003 to 2005 and the variables like age, sex, nationality, outcome of treatment and causes of treatment cessation and interruption were presented with descriptive statistic.Results: The total number of the patients were 659. Of these patients, 534 (81%) were smear positive and 125 (19%) were smear negative. Among the 534 smear-positive patients, 43 (8%) have treatment cessation and interruption. The reasons of treatment interruption were mortality due to T.B in 20 patients (3.7%), drug induced hepatitis in 11 (2%), premature sensation of wellbeing in 2 (0.37%), Hearing problems and vertigo in 2 (0.37%), multi drug resistance (MDR) tuberculosis, in 2 (0.37%), purpura in 1 (0.2%), and exacerbation of renal failure in 2 (0.37%). 438 cases (82%) had total cure. Conclusion:Observation supported the effectiveness of directly observed therapy short course (DOTS) strategy, with first line therapy. The causes of treatment cessation and interruption like drugs' induced hepatitis and premature sensation of wellbeing can be controlled by increasing the awareness of patients about the severity of T.B disease. Efforts to improve patients' understanding of TB disease and related treatment issues may be an important TB control program strategy and should be emphasized at the initiation of therapy and at intervals throughout the treatment course to minimize treatment interruption.

A clinical study has been carried out (from July to September, 2019) in order to determine the prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi infection in horses and donkeys in the Attock region of Punjab-Pakistan. A total of 100 horses (50 stallions and 50 mares) and 100 donkeys (50 jacks and 50 jennets) were examined and T. evansi was searched by the examination of wet blood film and stained thin smears (Giemsa& field staining).Eleven horses (11%, three stallions and eight mares) and 9 donkeys (9%, four jacks and five jennets) were positive respectively. However, further studies and efforts must be done by the society, government and private institutions in order to develop control measures in diseased studs/areas and to avoid dissemination of the disease.

Working donkeys (Equus asinus) support human living standards globally. However, there is little information on the effect of human perceptions of emotion and pain on the welfare of working donkeys. We interviewed donkey owners (n = 332) in Pakistan to determine the relationship between human perspectives on donkey sentience: emotions and the ability to feel pain, and the routine working practices that could impact donkey welfare. The majority of donkey owners used padding under the saddle (n = 211; 63.6%; 95% CI (58.3%–68.9%)) and provided access to food (n = 213; 64.2%; 95% CI (58.9%–69.3%)) and water (n = 195; 58.7%; 95% CI (53.4%–64.1%)) during the working day. Owners reported that at some point in their donkey’s life, 65.3% (95% CI (60.2%–70.5%)) had load-associated injuries, of which 27.7% (n = 92; 95% CI (22.8%–32.5%)) were wounds, 20.5% (n = 68; 95% CI (16.1%–24.8%)) were lameness and 7.2% (n = 24; 95% CI 4.4%–10.0%) were back pain. In total, 81.3% (95% CI 77.1%–85.5%; n = 270) of owners believed that their donkeys felt pain, and 70.2% (95% CI (65.2%–75.1%; n = 233) of owners believed that their donkeys had emotions. Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) was used to understand the relationship between owners’ recognition of emotions and pain in donkeys and their working practices. The MCA factor map revealed two clusters, named positive and negative clusters. The positive cluster included owner’s recognition of donkey pain and emotions, the availability of food and water, use of padding under the saddle, absence of injuries along with the willingness to follow loading guidelines. The negative cluster represented practices that did not benefit donkey welfare, such as using saddles without padding and a lack of food and water during work. The presence of injuries, owners not recognizing that donkeys feel pain and emotion along with an unwillingness to follow loading guidelines were also found in the negative cluster. We show that the owners who recognized sentience in their donkeys were more likely to use practices that are good for donkey welfare. The ability of owners to identify sentience in donkeys, along with their willingness to follow welfare guidelines, are important factors in improving the lives of working donkeys.