Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge of community pharmacies about recommended methods of drug disposal and hazardous effects of improper disposal of pharmaceutical waste and to determine the attitude as well as practice of community pharmacies about the proper disposal of pharmaceutical waste. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed with 139 community pharmacies in Karachi, Pakistan by using non-probability convenient sampling technique. Predesigned structured questionnaire was distributed to different community pharmacies in Karachi and filled questionnaires were collected after one day. Data was analyzed using SPSS 22.0 Results: About 65 (46.8%) of the participants reported to have a system for regularly removing the expired or unused drugs by returning them to contractors/distributors. More than half 86 (61.9%) of the participants disposed of solid, liquid, semi-solid, controlled, and p-listed drugs in the rubbish bin. Approximately half of the participants believed that standard method for disposal of solid, liquid, semi-solid, controlled, and p-listed drugs is by flushing them down the toilet/sink. Conclusion: Our study showed that knowledge and practices of community pharmacies regarding disposal of unused and expired medicines were not satisfactory. However, most of the participants were well aware of the harmful effects caused by improper disposal of pharmaceutical waste on environment and showed positive attitude towards learning safe methods of management and disposal of unused and expired drugs.
Objectives: To determine frequency of esophageal malignancy in Balochistan and to evaluate its correlation with predisposing and dietary factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from Jan 2019 to Dec 2020, at two tertiary care hospital of Quetta which caters to the entire population of province. The total number of 207 cases of esophageal biopsies were received and morphological diagnosis done by H&E staining. Results: Out of 207 (N) esophageal biopsies cases, malignancy were observed in 65%, chronic esophagitis in 19%, benign esophageal lesion in 1% and other esophageal lesions were observed in less than 4% of samples. Association with aggravating factors included tea 80.5%, use of drugs 64%, spicy food 57%, salted food 53%, quid & tobacco taken orally and through nose 44% and cigarette smoking 21.5%. The protective factors include fresh fruit 90%, fish 64% and milk 55% which were never or occasionally taken, meat chicken and beef intake was 63% & 53% and vegetable intake was 52%, but 72.5% of cases never used alcohol and mutton meat was not used by 50%. Conclusion: Esophageal cancer was associated in those groups of people which may regard as having high risk factors. These include increased intake of spicy/salted food, hot beverages, drugs, quid and smoked tobacco, coupled with low intake of fruits and vegetables, lack of awareness and low socioeconomic status. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.3.4612 How to cite this:Ishaque SM, Achakzai MS, Ziauddin, Pervez S. Correlation of predisposing factors and Esophageal Malignancy in high risk population of Baluchistan. Pak J Med Sci. 2022;38(3):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.3.4612 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Objective: To evaluate the effect of various doses of Nigella sativa in isoniazid induced liver biochemical changes in Rabbits. Study design: Animal study Place of study: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics in collaboration of Animal house BMSI, JPMC Karachi. Method: In this animal study, 48 (N) healthy rabbits of either sex were randomly selected and equally divided in four groups (12 in each). Group I, was given only healthy diet. Group II, given Isoniazid at 50mg/kg body weight per day orally. Group III, was given Isoniazid 50mg plus Nigella sativa 500 mg/kg body weight/day orally and Group IV, given Isoniazid 50mg plus Nigella sativa 1gm/kg body weight/day orally. Treatment duration was 20 days. Liver biochemical changes i-e, Serum Total Bilirubin, ALT and AST were investigated on 00 and 21 days respectively. The data was collected on designed proforma and assessed statistically using SPSS version 16 and paired T- Test was applied. Results: In Group I the liver biochemical changes were non-significant on 00 and 21 days. (S. Total Bilirubin, p value = 0.06, ALT, p = 0.09 & AST, p = 0.74). Group II the parameters were significantly raised, when 00 and 21 days were compared. (S. Total Bilirubin p = 0.00, ALT p = 0.00 & AST p = 0.00). In Group III the liver biochemical changes noted both significant and non-significant when compared between 00 and 21 days. (S. Total Bilirubin p = 0.06, ALT p = 0.00 & AST p = 0.74). Group IV the liver biochemical changes were non-significant when compared between 00 and 21 days. (S. Total Bilirubin p = 0.06, ALT p = 0.09 & AST p = 0.74) Conclusion: Nigella sativa showed protective role on isoniazid induced liver toxicity in rabbits.
Objective: Water pipe smoking WPS (Shisha) is becoming increasingly acceptable in the youth and is contributing to the burden of respiratory diseases. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of early respiratory symptoms in relation to the severity and duration of WPS smoking in the medical students of Karachi. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in medical colleges of Karachi. A self-administered questionnaire collected information about smoking habits and respiratory symptoms from students. Results: Out of 250 participants, 68.8 % (n=172) were short term smokers. 31.6% (n=79) reported to have smoked shisha monthly. The main reason of smoking shisha for 26% (n=65) was just to fill in the free time with friends. 39.4% (n=88) intend to quit shisha smoking in future. 32.4% (n=81) of the students experienced shortness of breath, 30.4% (n=76) Dry cough, 30.4% (n=76) Scratchy sensation in the throat, 23.6% (n=59) rapid breathing, 20% (n=50) chest tightness and 13.6% (n=34) hoarse voice after shisha consumption. The association of these symptoms with duration and severity of shisha exposure remained insignificant. Conclusion: The results of this study show that smoking shisha can bring about the early respiratory symptoms. Education is important in creating awareness about WPS hazards. Key words: Water-pipe; Shisha; Smoking; Medical students; Respiratory symptoms
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