tem in realistic LoRaWAN network scenarios. The considered performance metrics are the achieved latency and throughput at the join server, which are measured as the number of concurrent clients and join request messages increase. The simulations results indicate that the system achieves efficient system performance up to an upper bound on the load level which involves 30 join requests from 1000 concurrent clients. However, the security and trust advantages that the blockchain technology offers, comes at the cost of performance deterioration for loads exceeding that level. This can be resolved by introducing additional join servers. A lightweight, cost effective blockchain based two factor authentication framework can also be employed in LoRaWAN networks when these are characterized by small number of networks servers and LoRa end devices. We demonstrate through simulations that this approach incurs additional delays and can be preferred for systems with no strict requirements of throughput and latency.
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