These findings indicate that the participating families do not fully represent the study population and thus, the exposure in this population. However, there is no obvious reason that this selection bias will have an impact on identification of environmental risk factors.
Endotoxins are microbiological agents which ubiquitously exist in an indoor environment, and are believed to be causal agents for a number of diseases. This study investigated the indoor levels and determinants of endotoxins and their impact on asthma and allergy diseases among Swedish pre-school children. House dust samples from 390 homes of 198 case children with asthma and allergy and 202 healthy control children were collected in the Dampness Building and Health (DBH) study. House dust endotoxin levels in the child's bedroom and living rooms ranged from 479-188,000 EU/g dust and from 138-942,000 EU/g dust, respectively. Pet-keeping and agricultural activities were significantly associated with the higher endotoxin concentration levels in indoor dust. Endotoxins in theindoor environment did not associate to asthma and allergy diseases in the children. However, we found an association between endotoxins and the presence of disease symptoms in the sub-group of families without indoor pets.
Child psychological abuse is a pattern of caregiver's intentional or unintentional behaviour towards the child that convey to a child that s/he is worthless, flawed, unloved, unwanted, endangered or only of value to meet another's needs, while neglect is caretaker's failure to meet the child's basic physical and psychological needs. 1 Several studies reveal a diverse picture of child psychological abuse and neglect across countries and cultures. 2,3 In a meta-analytical study, global prevalence of child psychological abuse was reported 36 per cent, 2 while in another study, child physical neglect and emotional neglect were estimated 16 per cent and 18 per cent, respectively. 3 Studies in the South Asian context show prevalent nature of child psychological abuse ranging from 48% in Bhutan 4 to 89% in
Background Falls are the most common cause of injury related hospital admission among elderly in Sweden and with an ageing population fears have been raised that fall-related admissions will increase, with large societal costs as a result. Hip fractures are the most common type of hospitalised, fall-related injuries. Aims/Objectives/Purpose Previous studies in Sweden have shown large increases in hip fracture incidence rates. International research, however, suggests a levelling off, or decline, of hip fracture incidence rates though for Sweden this remains to be studied. Method Data was obtained regarding hip fractures among individuals 65 years and above from 1987 to 2009. Age and sex specific trends in hip fracture rates per 100 000 and mean age when sustaining a hip fracture were analysed. Secondly, annual percentage change (APC) was used to compare time periods that helped to quantify changes in secular trends. Results/Outcomes The absolute number of hip fractures among elderly in Sweden has largely remained constant between 1987 and 2009 while incidence rates have decreased for all age and sex
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