isonatraemic, and 85 (6-4%) hypernatraemic. The incidence of hyponatraemia increased with age, while the incidence of hypernatraemia decreased with age. There was a strong relation between types of dehydration and nutritional state. The incidence of hyponatraemia was directly related to the degree of malnutrition. The case fatality rates for types of dehydration were 10 1% in hyponatraemia, 3 8% in isonatraemia, and 1-2% in hypernatraemia. These observations suggest that hyponatraemia is a serious complication of diarrhoea in Bangladesh. IntroductionDehydration as a result of diarrhoea continues to be a leading cause of death in children, especially in developing countries.' In areas where infant malnutrition is prevalent acute gastroenteritis is common and there is a tendency towards serious complications.2 Although in Western countries the various types of dehydration have been studied in small numbers, hypernatraemia is frequently recorded in diarrhoea with a higher mortality rate.3-6 The incidence of specific types of dehydration in developing countries where malnutrition is prevalent has not been well documented. Nevertheless, a few reports indicate a higher incidence of hyponatraemia, which is associated with

Background:Burns in developing countries account for significant morbidity and mortality which have been shown by increasing burn first aid awareness. In general, flames, scalds, and contact burns are the most common causes, but in children scalds are the most common.Objectives:This study aims to assess the general knowledge and practices related to burn first aid among Majmaah community.Methods:This study is a cross-sectional study. Data were collected in 2018 using convenience sampling technique. Saudi men and women age 18 years and older living in Majmaah were included in the study. Data were collected from 390 males and females. The sample size was collected using precision formula. Data were encoded into Microsoft Excel worksheets and imported to Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS®) software for analysis.Results:A total of 390 individuals responded to the survey. Regarding the demographic data of the study participants, 49.2% were between 30 and 49 years old. Most of them were females (71.8%). Regarding burn first aid knowledge, 82.6% of the study participants knew that the first thing is to stop, drop, and roll when your clothes catch fire, 43.8% knew to apply cold water if hot oil spills on the hands, 41.0% knew that all burn injuries must be treated at hospital, whereas most of them 78.5% knew never to apply raw eggs or herbs to burn wounds.Conclusion:The knowledge of Majmaah community toward first aid is found to be low in spite of most of the respondents having a positive attitude toward first aid. The majority of the study participants (73.8%) were well-educated and had a bachelor's degree.

BackgroundThe prevalence of risk factors for diabetes and hypertension in Saudi school children has achieved epidemic proportions because of enriched lifestyles. The aim of this study is to conduct a baseline study of such risk factors in a young population at the cusp of high-end technology and material comfort.Materials and Methods.A cross-sectional study was done among school children using parental assisted self-questionnaires and anthropometric assessment of their vital statistics. This study, including planning, data collection and analysis, and the writing of the first draft, was conducted from March 2015 to October 2016 after ethical approval was obtained. Cluster sampling was done for the schools, and stratified randomized sampling was performed to choose a total of 794 male and female school children. SPSS software was used for data analysis.ResultsIt was found that 11.6% of the children had a body mass index (BMI) above the normal range. The waist-to-height ratio was elevated in 16.8% of the children. Other risk factors of note were a high prevalence of sedentary habits (43%), daily consumption of carbonated sugary drinks (36.4%), and eating at fast food restaurants most days of the week (17%).ConclusionsThis gradual buildup of risk factors for diabetes and hypertension at an early age is a morbid indicator of an epidemic whose outcome has been determined. Most of these modifiable risk factors are amenable to change through concentrated efforts to educate, train and inculcate healthy habits among children and their families.Significance for public healthThe whole body of work done on risk factors associated with diabetes and hypertension provides a grim outlook for the burden of disease that developed and developing countries are both going to face. Health education about the presence of such risk factors and its consequences to the general population is getting drowned out in the rapid globalization of the lifestyle, diet and societal addictions in terms of technology and entertainment. A need was felt to improve the coverage of high risk populations who are at the cusp of development and to whom any positive primary prevention would matter the most since they are the precursors of our vision of a healthy future. This study would be one of the tools to encourage further exploratory studies on minimizing risk factors at an early age in a high-risk country like Saudi Arabia.

SUMMARY Forty patients with moderate degrees of dehydration and acidosis because of acute watery diarrhoea were successfully treated randomly with either WHO recommended oral rehydration solution containing 2-5 g sodium bicarbonate or an oral solution containing 2*94 g sodium citrate in place of sodium bicarbonate per litre of oral rehydration solution. Efficacies were compared by measuring oral fluid intake, stool and vomitus output, change in body weight, hydration status, and rate of correction of acidosis during a period of 48 hours. Seventy five per cent (21 cases) in the citrate group and 83% (19 cases) in the bicarbonate group were successfully rehydrated (p>0-05). There were no significant differences in intake, output, gain in body weight, fall in haematocrit and plasma specific gravity, and correction of acidosis between the two groups of patients within 48 hours after initiation of therapy. The solution with sodium citrate base was as effective as WHO-oral rehydration solution for management of diarrhoea. This study shows the efficacy, safety, and acceptability of citrate containing oral rehydration solution for rehydration and correction of acidosis in diarrhoea.

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Objectives:1) To study the risk factor profiles of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) among adolescent girls, housewives and working women and its socioeconomic and quality of life losses. 2) To undertake risk factor modifications using the adolescent girls.Design and Setting:Cross-sectional descriptive study followed by educational intervention.Statistical Methods:Cluster sampling, Proportions, confidence intervals, Chi square and t-Tests and Logistic regression.Materials and Methods:House to house survey was done in two villages and one urban ward. Seventy-five housewives, 75 working women and 180 adolescent girls were asked about the risk factors and losses due to LUTS. Three teams of adolescent girls were utilized to bring about behavioral modifications. Impact was measured through user perspectives obtained from the participants.Results:Risk factors, social, economic and quality of life losses were different among the three female populations. Overall prevalence of LUTS among the three groups is 61(18.5%). Improper anal washing technique, malnutrition, presence of vaginal discharge, use of unsanitary menstrual pads, pinworm infestation and use of bad toilets were the significant causes among girls. Presence of sexually transmitted diseases was a contributing factor among housewives and working women. Prolonged sitting the posture was also contributing to LUTS among working women. Seventy-four per cent of beneficiaries expressed that intervention is useful.Conclusions:The causes for LUTS and their consequences were differing among the three female subpopulations. Specific group level interventions using trained girls were successful.

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INTRODUCTIONBreast cancer is the most common cancer in women in both developed and developing world. It is estimated that 508,000 women died in 2011 due to breast cancer. 1 The incidence of breast cancer is increasing in the developing world due to increase life expectancy, increase urbanization and adoption of western lifestyles. Although some risk reduction might be achieved with prevention, these strategies cannot eliminate the majority of breast ABSTRACTBackground: Breast cancer is a common health problem among females in Saudi Arabia. The disease account for 27% of all female malignancies representing 25.1% of all newly diagnosed female cancers. The objectives of the current study were to assess the level of carcinoma breast awareness of female university students, Majmaah University in Saudi Arabia and to compare the level of awareness, breast self-examination and breast cancer screening between medical and non-medical students. Methods: The current study was a cross-sectional, conducted among female students in Majmaah University in Saudi Arabia. The stratified and the systematic sampling were employed to select the colleges and the students respectively. The sample size was calculated as 325. Data was collected by a pre tested questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS. Results:The university students who acquired good knowledge were 111 (34.2%). Students who acquired average and poor knowledge were 42.2% and 23.6% respectively. Medical students who had good knowledge were 37.6% compared to 26.9% of non-medical students. The results showed that 94 (28.9%) of the participants practice breast self-examination and 25 (7.6%) performed a screening test. Conclusions:The study concluded that Majmaah University students' awareness of carcinoma breast is low. There is no significant difference in the level of awareness between students of medical colleges and those of non-medical colleges. The level of practicing breast self-examination and performing screening test for carcinoma breast among female university students is low. There is a significant difference in performing carcinoma breast screening test between medical and non-medical students.