Since the 1970s, a great deal of attention has been paid to the development of semiconductor-based biosensors because of the numerous advantages they offer, including high sensitivity, faster response time, miniaturization, and low-cost manufacturing for quick biospecific analysis with reusable features. Commercial biosensors have become highly desirable in the fields of medicine, food, and environmental monitoring as well as military applications, whereas increasing concerns about food safety and health issues have resulted in the introduction of novel legislative standards for these sensors. Numerous devices have been developed for monitoring biological processes such as nucleic acid hybridization, protein–protein interaction, antigen–antibody bonds, and substrate–enzyme reactions, just to name a few. Since the 1980s, scientific interest moved to the development of semiconductor-based devices, which also include integrated front-end electronics, such as the extended-gate field-effect transistor (EGFET) biosensor, one of the first miniaturized chemical sensors. This work is intended to be a review of the state of the art focused on the development of biosensors and chemosensors based on extended-gate field-effect transistor within the field of bioanalytical applications, which will highlight the most recent research reported in the literature. Moreover, a comparison among the diverse EGFET devices will be presented, giving particular attention to the materials and technologies.
We report the observation of surface-enhanced
Raman scattering
(SERS) from a chemically etched ZnSe surface using 4-mercaptopyridine
(4-MPy) as probe molecules. A thin film of ZnSe is grown by molecular
beam epitaxy (MBE) and then etched using a strong acid. Protrusions
of hemiellipsoidal nanoparticles are observed on the surface. Using
the results of the Mie theory, we controlled the size of the nanoparticles
to overlap significantly with maximum efficiency of near-field plasmon
enhancement. In the Raman spectrum, we observe large enhancements
of the a1, b1, and b2 modes when
4-MPy molecules are adsorbed on the surface using a 514.5 nm laser
for excitation, indicating strong charge-transfer contributions. An
enhancement factor of (2 × 106) is observed comparable
to that of silver nanoparticles. We believe this large enhancement
factor is an indication of the coupled contribution of several resonances.
We propose that some combination of surface plasmon, charge transfer,
and band-gap resonances is most likely the contributing factor in
the observed Raman signal enhancement because all three of these resonances
lie close to the excitation wavelength.
The real-time monitoring of neurochemical release in vivo plays a critical role in understanding the biochemical process of the complex nervous system. Current technologies for such applications, including microdialysis and fast-scan cyclic voltammetry, suffer from limited spatiotemporal resolution or poor selectivity. Here, we report a soft implantable aptamer-graphene microtransistor probe for real-time monitoring of neurochemical release. As a demonstration, we show the monitoring of dopamine with nearly cellular-scale spatial resolution, high selectivity (dopamine sensor >19-fold over norepinephrine), and picomolar sensitivity, simultaneously. Systematic benchtop evaluations, ex vivo experiments, and in vivo studies in mice models highlight the key features and demonstrate the capability of capturing the dopamine release dynamics evoked by pharmacological stimulation, suggesting the potential applications in basic neuroscience studies and studying neurological disease-related processes. The developed system can be easily adapted for monitoring other neurochemicals and drugs by simply replacing the aptamers functionalized on the graphene microtransistors.
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