Objective: To compare the mean Sound, Eye and Motor (SEM) score of pre cooling and topical application atinjection site in pediatric patients.
Study Design: A quasi experimental study.
Place and Duration of Study: Fatima Jinnah Dental College and Hospital, Karachi, from Sep to Dec 2017.
Methodology: Sixty four paediatric patients aged between 8-12 who needed dental anaesthesia were randomlydivided into two groups A and B. Subjects in group A were applied topical anaesthesia at the injection site for one minute before needle penetration and in group B ice pack was applied for the same duration at the injection site. A designed questionnaire based on SEM scale was used to measure the patients‟ reaction. Independent-samples t-test was applied to compare the mean SEM score of both groups by taking p-value ≤0.05 as significant.
Results: The mean sound, eye and motor (SEM) score was 5.22 ± 1.718 for group A and 3.28 ± 1.373 for group B;with statistically significant differences between both the groups (p≤0.05).
Conclusion: Injection of local anaesthesia at a precooled site results in lesser pain and thus decreased childanxiety levels, more effective analgesia and increased patient comfort.
Introduction – Tobacco control laws are one of the most effective means aimed to combat the widespread use of tobacco. Pakistan has come a long way in getting a grip on this pandemic, however much is yet to be done. With the poor implementation of laws, tobacco companies are able to capitalize on this to boost the sale of their products among the population.
Methods – A cross-sectional study was done in which data regarding tobacco packaging was collected from various shops that deal with the sale of cigarettes. This data was then compiled and compared with tobacco control laws to determine the compliance of brands with local packaging laws.
Results – A total of 100 brands were collected and analyzed, out of which 55 were local and 45 were manufactured internationally. From the entire sample, only 28% of the brands were following every protocol laid down by the Ministry of Health.
Conclusion – This study was able to portray poor adherence to tobacco packaging laws of various tobacco companies operating in Pakistan. Majority of the brands were seen to be lacking in at least one component of the law, which shows poor implementation and enforcement of policies. There is a dire need for Pakistan to promote more effective means of tobacco control through the implementation of strict guidelines.
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