The present study was conducted on six cattle and two buffaloes with intestinal obstruction. Four cases had intestinal volvulus, three had intussusception and one case could have been volvulus or torsion. The haemato-biochemical parameters of these eight animals were studied, together with 10 healthy cows and 10 buffaloes as control. Rectal examination was helpful in subjective assessment of volvulus and intussusception but could not help in definitive diagnosis. Multiple dilated intestinal loops in pelvic cavity could be a diagnostic feature of intestinal volvulus. Complete anorexia, colic, loss of defecation, rumen atony, dehydration, tachycardia and tachypenia were the most pronounced clinical symptoms. The animals with intestinal obstruction had significantly higher packed cell volume, neutrophil count and significantly lower lymphocytic count. Reversal of neutrophil: lymphocyte ratio and moderate to marked left shift along with moderate to severe toxic changes in the neutrophils was a consistent finding. Serum biochemical analysis showed significant increase of aspartate aminotrasferase, fibrinogen, lactate and C-reactive protein levels and significant reduction in albumin, fibrinogen ratio, potassium, chloride, calcium and phosphorus levels. However, fibrinogen and fibrinogen ratio may be misleading and need to be interpreted cautiously.The rumen chloride level was increased. Peritoneal fluid changes were consistent with septic peritonitis, increased specific gravity, total protein, total cell count and number of neutrophils. Blood gas analysis revealed hypochloremic hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis with compensatory respiratory acidosis. So these biochemical changes should be taken into consideration while dealing with intestinal obstruction in cattle and buffaloes.

This prospective study was conducted on 15 animals (eight buffaloes and seven cows), diagnosed with late pregnancy indigestion. Ten buffaloes and 10 cows served as the control group. The animals were in advanced pregnancy and had partial or complete anorexia, reduced water intake, loss of defecation or scanty faecal output, and mild to moderate dehydration. Heart and respiration rates were increased and rumen motility was reduced. Five animals had persistent tympany and moderate distension of left abdomen, and two animals each had bilateral abdominal distension and papple shaped abdomen. Neutrophil and lymphocyte counts were significantly higher and lower than the control values. Total bilirubin, AST, total protein, globulin, BUN, glucose, and lactate were significantly higher, and chloride and calcium were significantly lower than the control values. Levels of ALP, GGT, albumin, creatinine, cholesterol, triglyceride, fibrinogen, fibrinogen ratio, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium did not differ significantly from the control values. Rumen chloride concentration was higher than the reference range. Majority of animals were managed symptomatically until parturition. There was no effect on fetal survival or milk yield in current and subsequent lactation. So, late pregnancy indigestion causes clinical and hemato biochemical alterations which require special consideration when treating diseased animals.

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To characterize the pneumonic lesions of sheep in Kashmir Valley, India, 257 lungs were collected and processed for routine histopathological examination. Histoenzymatic study was also performed to ascertain the activity of alkaline and acid phosphatases in and around the various lesions. The pneumonic lungs were characterized as acute bronchopneumonia, chronic bronchopneumonia, fibrinous bronchopneumonia, suppurative bronchopneumonia, and interstitial bronchopneumonia. Mast cell hyperplasia and fibroplasia were characteristically observed in chronic lesions while as all the pneumonic lesions were associated with disruption and disorientation of elastin fibers and qualitative increase in acid and neutral mucopolysaccharides.

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