Introduction: Studies have reported a lower breast cancer risk in women who have experienced pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH). Current hypotheses for these observations center on placental dysfunction and a subsequent alteration of levels of circulating hormones, growth factors, and angiogenic and immune modulators. The Marin Women's Study (MWS) was initiated in 2006 to examine breast cancer in Marin County, an area with historically high breast cancer rates. Enrollment of 13,365 women occurred at mammography sites that participate in the San Francisco Mammography Registry (SFMR), one of seven registries included in the NCI Breast Cancer Consortium. In a prior analysis of MWS data, we demonstrated that PIH is associated with reduced breast density later in life, and the current two-phased study was designed to assess whether this apparent protective effect is modified by individual genetic differences. Methods: Participants self-reported reproductive history and risk factors on the MWS questionnaire at the time of enrollment. Compositional breast density using single X-ray absorptiometry (SXA) was measured on digital mammography. These readings and breast cancer case status data obtained from the California Cancer Registry was acquired by cooperative agreements with the SFMR. DNA for SNP analyses was extracted from donated saliva specimens. The first phase analysis focused on breast density and assessed the interaction of 7 SNPs of specific selected genes with a history of PIH. A second phase analysis focused on breast cancer case status for any SNP which appeared to demonstrate interaction in the initial analysis. Results: After adjusting for potential confounders, only the IGF1R SNP (rs2016347) demonstrated a statistically significant interaction with PIH on mammographic density (GT, p = 0.01, and TT, p = 0.07 compared to baseline GG), although the VEGF SNP (rs3025039) approached statistical significance (CT, p = 0.06 compared to baseline CC) in our sample size of 1240 women. The second phase of the analysis examined the association of the VEGF and IGF1R SNPs with breast cancer case status in all women in the MWS with a history of PIH, saliva specimen, and case status data (n = 374). There was a statistically significant decrease in breast cancer risk in women with PIH and the IGF1R SNP as shown below: Breast cancer cases in women with PIH by IGF1R genotypeIGF1R GenotypeNumber with genotypeNumber breast cancer cases% breast cancer casesGG9188.79%GT195147.18%TT8800.00%Fisher's exact = 0.008 There was no statistical association between this SNP and PIH incidence or case status in women without PIH, where 27.1% of breast cancer cases had the IGF1R TT genotype (108/398). Conclusions: Women with a history of PIH had a lower risk of breast cancer if they had the TT genotype of the IGF1R SNP (rs2016347), and this genotype was also associated with lower breast density. Since this IGF1R variant has previously been associated with mammographic density and found to be an independent prognostic marker for breast cancer recurrence, its expression may play a breast cancer protective role by reducing mammographic density in women with PIH. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P3-07-03.
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Background: The objective of our study is to determine the prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis and influence of maternal age, parity or trimester on its occurrence among pregnant women, attending the antenatal clinic in our teaching hospital. It helps us to understand the magnitude of the problem in our region and to implement the necessary treatment modalities to reduce the preterm births attributed to vaginal candidiasis.Methods: It was a hospital based prospective study over a period of six months. High vaginal swabs were collected from the pregnant patients after getting consent and sent for culture. Candida positive cases were noted and results were analysed.Results: A total of 200 high vaginal swabs were collected and reported in our study. Among them 108 swabs were positive for Candida growth (54%) and 92 swabs were negative for growth (46%). Culture positive patients clinical details were analyzed and statistical significance was noted (based on age group, parity and trimester).Conclusions: Our study concluded that candidiasis is more prevalent in pregnant women but there was no statistical significance in occurrence of vaginal candidiasis among various age groups, parity or trimester. Hence it is better to screen all the patients in I/ early II trimester in order to find out and treat positive cases early to prevent preterm births attributed to vaginal candidiasis.
Background: Chronic kidney disease is defined as abnormality of urinary system, there is persistent abnormality of structure and upward renal excretory function that is sign of irreversible damage to function of nephron. It is a public health problem world widely and it is 12 th most common cause of mortality and morbidity, respectively. Objective: To evaluate chronic kidney disease (CKD) sonographically in addition correlating echogenicity with the level of serum creatinine.
Background: Obstructive jaundice is a common pathological problem that occurs when there is an obstruction to
Aim: To evaluate the frequency of infertility in retroverted versus anteverted uterus using ultrasound. Methods: The descriptive cross-sectional study was performed in total number of 380 patients using non-probability sampling technique. The study was conducted in the Department of Radiology, Tahir Medical Complex, Haroonabad in 6 months of duration. Married women of all age groups with anteverted and retroverted uterus were included in this study while all unmarried females were excluded from this study. The ultrasound was performed using VOLISON 730 with 3.5 MHz linear array broadband transducer on grayscale while patient positioning was supine. Results: Total 386 woman were enrolled and the mean age of the patient was 25 years with a range of 21-30±3.26 years. Out of 386 woman anteverted uterus was found in 134(34.7%) and anteflexed uterus was found in 2(0.5%). On the other hand, retroverted uterus was found in 86(22.3%) women and retroflex uterus was found and none of the women. Among 386 women, 142(36.8%) were nulliparous (P0), 107(27.7%) were primiparas (P1), 108(28%) were multiparas (P2) and 29(7.5%) were grand multiparas (P3). Primary fertility was diagnosed in 142(36.8%) women while secondary infertility was diagnosed in 244(63.2%). Conclusion: Secondary infertility was seen more frequently in anteverted uterus as compared with retroverted uterus. Keywords: Infertility, Ultrasound, Uterus.
Background: Preeclampsia throughout pregnancy increase a women's chance of developing cardiovascular disease. Women that develop preeclampsia are at higher risk for development of hypertension and cardiac disease.Objective: To evaluate the relationship between maternal health (blood pressure} and fetal heart rate (FHR) during third trimester, and differentiate FHR in male and female fetuses.Material & Methods: An electronic study including the articles of nearly a decade and half. The studies were added by means of Google Scholar, Research gate, NCBI and PubMed to name a few. All the articles were included in the official language English. Articles were included having sonographic relation between the hypertensive and non-hypertensive mothers with fetal heart rate.Results: Analyzing the topic, 14 articles were added to determine the exact correlation between fetal cardiac output and hypertensive mothers. 25 articles were added in introduction and technique while 4 articles were included to link pre-eclamptic mothers with adolescent offspring regarding their growth and cardiac output. Conclusion:Gestational hypertension has adverse effect on fetal heart rate and studies have proved the difference by comparing them with normotensive pregnancies.
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