In recent years, tremendous advances have been made in biosensors based on nanoscale electrochemical immunosensors for use in the fields of agriculture, food safety, biomedicine, quality control, and environmental and industrial monitoring.

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This study describes a highly sensitive electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) that uses gold nanoparticles (AuNP) as the electrochemical label and graphene as electrode material.

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The immunosensor has long been a popular analytical instrument due to its excellent detection performance in terms of selectivity and sensitivity. The recent advancements of immunosensors allows detection to be incorporated with the latest digital technology and for them to be miniaturized without compromising performance. This introductory chapter describes the fundamental set-ups and latest transduction strategies of immunosensors. The working principles, analytical constituents and latest progress in immunosensing development will be discussed. As a conclusion, the future outlook of immunosensors as a valuable detection platform will be put forward.

Innovation in colorimetric sensors to detect early signs of food spoilage is a growing interest in food safety and quality control. Currently available chemical dyes for sensor applications have concern because of their possible migration into food packaging and food in contact. In this study, a colorimetric indicator was developed using natural butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea) anthocyanin with Sago (Metroxylon sagu) as polymeric film. The principle was based on pH shift due to chemical processes produced by microorganism causing anthocyanin color to change. The film was fabricated by solvent casting method and characterized by color change at different pH values, total water solubility, swelling rate, and morphological structure. Trials on chicken breast samples in various conditions exhibited that the film indicator responded well according to pH variation enabling a real‐time monitoring due to spoilage. Thus, our natural pH indicator with visible color variation allows for simple, economic and safe monitoring of perishable foods.

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