In the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay, micronuclei (MNi), nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs), and nuclear budding (NBUD) are the most commonly analysed morphological types of nuclear abnormalities. In contrast, tailed and dumbbell-shaped nucleus have historically received little attention in the CBMN assay. Interestingly, the incidence of tailed and dumbbell-shaped nuclei in lymphocytes is closely related with that of dicentric chromosomes or NPBs in the CBMN assay. To provide a better picture of the implications and significance of tailed and dumbbell-shaped nuclei as markers of radiation exposure, a literature review was performed in this study. Twenty articles were found in PubMed, PubMed Central, and manually searched. The articles were screened and those that met the inclusion criteria and did not meet the exclusion criteria were reviewed by all authors. At the end, nine articles were included. In conclusion, the assessment of in vivo tailed nuclei in blood smears and accounting for the occurrence of dumbbell-shaped nuclei in the CBMN assay can increase the sensitivity of the CBMN assay for biodosimetry involving a high dose exposure.
AbstrakElektron energi tinggi bermanfaat dalam radioterapi target permukaan dapat pula digunakan sebagai eskalasi dosis sumber berkas foton. Dalam jaminan kualitas radioterapi membutuhkan dosimeteryang akurat, respon yang baik terhadapdosis dan energi, resolusi spasial tinggi serta ekuivalen dengan jaringan. Berdasarkan rekomendasi AAPM TG 55, film merupakan dosimeter utama dalam pengukuran sumber radioterapi. Saat ini, film dosimetri yang sering digunakan dalam keperluan pengukuran salah satunya yaitu film gafchromic EBT3, namun penelitian mengenai karakteristik dan respon dosis pada film gafchromic EBT3 masih terbatas. Sehingga penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik dosimetri film EBT3 pada berkas elektron dan foton. Film EBT3 diradiasi pada lapangan 10×10cm 2 menggunakan berkas foton, elektron dan Cobalt-60 dengan rentang dosis (0-500 cGy). Scanner Epson V700 digunakan untuk pemindaian film dalam evaluasi pixel value. NetOD digunakan sebagai parameter untuk menganalisis karakteristik film EBT3. Nilai uncertainty pengaruh energi berada dalam rentang ±1.95% yang menunjukkan bahwa film EBT3 memiliki kebergantungan energi realtif kecil. Pemilihan channelscanner menunjukkan bahwa sensitifitas scannerpaling tinggi adalahRed channel.Pixel value dipengaruhi oleh rotasi film namun tidak oleh orientasi flipped. Pada penelitian ini, rotasi optimum dalam pemindaian film adalah posisi landscape. Kata kunci : dosimetri, film, netOD, uncertainty AbstractHigh energy electron used to treatment radiotherapy superficial target and dose booster photon beam. Quality assurance in radiotherapy required dosimeter which high spatial resolution, good response of doseand energy,and tissue equivalent. Based on the recommendation of AAPM TG 55, the film is primarily dosimeter measurement radiotherapy sources. Recently, film dosimetry usually used in the measurement which one is EBT3 film, however, research about the characteristic and dose response of EBT3 filmare limited. In this study, film EBT3 response on doses and energies variation using electron and photon beams is investigated. Gafchromic EBT3 film was irradiated using electron and photon also cobalt-60 beam energies. In each energy was given 0 -500 cGy doses. Film scanning post-irradiation over a period of 72 hours using EPSON V700 and ImageJ were used to film evaluate. NetOD as the parameter to the analysis of EBT3 film characteristics. Uncertainty was required in the range of ±1.95%. Dose responses of the EBT3 film have small energy dependence..Flipped orientation not dependence on the pixel value but rotation orientation dependence for pixel value in EBT3. From this research, we recommended landscape orientation in EBT3 film scanning.
Background: The variability of clinical response in radiotherapy (RT) patients revealed that individual radiosensitivity exists in humans. Although several techniques for radiosensitivity assessment are available, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has proven to be the most reliable cytogenetic technique. This study will review the use of three-color FISH to evaluate the individual radiosensitivity in cancer patients, particularly breast and prostate cancer patients. Also, it will explain factors that should be considered when using this assay in RT patients.Methods: We used the “radiosensitivity”, “fluorescence in situ hybridization”, “FISH”, and “cancer” as medical subject headings. Non-English articles were excluded. Only articles written in English with a full-text PDF format could be found and using three-color FISH for individual radiosensitivity prediction in radiotherapy patients as subjects were included in this review.Results: : In total, 1,905 articles were retrieved from PubMed and PubMed Central databases from 1990 to 2020. The articles were screened, and those that met the inclusion criteria and did not meet the exclusion criteria were reviewed. Finally, we evaluated eight articles in this reviewConclusions: Appropriate assays such as three-color FISH for individual radiosensitivity assessment could optimize the effectiveness of RT treatment and predict the severity of normal tissue toxicity reactions in RT patients.
Regarding the increasing use of small-field photons in clinical treatment, in this study, we investigate the use of small-field electron beams in clinical treatment. This study aimed to evaluate small-field electron beam dosimetry of the nasopharyngeal, thyroid, and ethmoid sinus carcinoma cases. Dose measurement was done using EBT3 film. In nasopharyngeal cases with a homogenous area and irregular surface, the dose discrepancies for 6 MeV energy were unpredictable except for the 5×5 cm2 field size. For all energies in 5×5 cm2 field size, the dose discrepancies were less than 3%. In these cases, we found that a smaller electron beam field will increase the percentage of the dose discrepancy. This is caused by the effect of the lateral scatter disequilibrium in a small field electron beam. For ethmoid sinus cases, dose discrepancy depends on the field size and inhomogeneity of bone and tissue organ. Based on the evaluation of doses on the spinal cord, chiasm, and larynx (OAR), it can be seen that these organs received a very small dose. From this result, a small field electron beam is recommended for cases with a homogeneous target. However, in cases with a heterogenous target, further investigation is needed.
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