This study reports the emission behavior of inorganic particulate matter (PM) with an aerodynamic diameter of <10 μm (PM 10 ) from the combustion of a raw biomass and its torrefied biomass samples under pulverized-fuel conditions. A mallee leaf (∼1 cm long × ∼1 cm wide), as the raw biomass, was subjected to torrefaction at 220−280 °C to prepare three torrefied biomass samples. After size reduction and fraction to 75−150 μm, the raw and torrefied biomass samples were combusted in a laboratory-scale drop-tube furnace at 1400 °C in air to produce inorganic PM 10 . The results demonstrate that, in comparison to that of the raw biomass, the combustion of the torrefied biomass leads to considerable reductions in the ash-based (i.e., normalized to equivalent ash input) yields of PM with an aerodynamic diameter of <0.1 μm (PM 0.1 ) as well as Na, K, and Cl in PM 0.1 , predominantly because of the removal of ∼54−77% Cl in the raw biomass during torrefaction. In contrast, the ashbased yields of PM with an aerodynamic diameter of 1−10 μm (PM 1−10 ) as well as Mg and Ca in PM 1−10 from the torrefied biomass are substantially higher than those from the raw biomass. On an equivalent energy input basis, which is of more practical relevance, the combustion of the torrefied biomass leads to similar yields of PM with an aerodynamic diameter of <2.5 μm (PM 2.5 ) but considerably higher yields of PM 10 than that of the raw biomass.
A mallee leaf (∼1 cm long × ∼1 cm wide), termed as "raw leaf", was distilled in steam for 60 min to extract essential oil (mainly 1,8-cineole) and prepare a spent leaf. The raw and spent leaf samples were size-reduced and sieved to 75−150 μm to prepare samples for combustion in a laboratory-scale drop-tube furnace at 1400°C in air to investigate the effect of steam distillation on the emission behavior of inorganic particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of <10 μm (PM 10 ). The results show that steam distillation has little effect on the yields of PM 1 and the sum of Na, K, and Cl in PM 1 . However, it leads to considerable reductions in the yields of PM 1−10 and its key forming elements (Mg and Ca). The reduction in the PM 1−10 yield is another advantage of using the spent leaf as combustion feedstock, in addition to the extraction of 1,8-cineole as a valueadded product.
A set of 24 biochars were produced from the slow and fast pyrolysis (at 400−700°C) of a mallee leaf and two spent leaves collected after distilling the leaf in steam for 30 and 60 min. Under the same experimental conditions, the pyrolysis of the raw and spent leaves produced biochars of similar proximate and elemental analyses at similar char yields. However, the biochars from the raw leaf generally have higher contents of Na, K, Mg, Ca, and Cl than those from the spent leaves. The biochars were then leached via water to evaluate the recycling of inherent inorganic nutrients (i.e., Na, K, Mg, Ca, and Cl) and the leaching of organic carbon (C) in these biochars. On the basis of those in the mallee leaf, the quantities of Na, K, and Cl leached out by water from the biochars of the mallee leaf are considerably higher than those from the biochars of the spent leaves. However, the leaching of Mg in the slow-pyrolysis biochars follows an opposite trend. At pyrolysis temperatures higher than 400°C, there are considerable decreases in the quantities of Na and Mg leached out from all of the biochars as well as in those of K and C from the fast-pyrolysis biochars. The results suggest that fast pyrolysis (at 500°C) of the spent leaf collected after 60 min of steam distillation appears to produce favorable biochar for recycling inherent inorganic nutrients to soil.
INTISARILimbah biogas selalu menyisakan kotoran yang menimbulkan aroma yang tidak enak jika dibuang begitu saja tanpa ada pengolahan selanjutnya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini bagaimana cara membuat pupuk organik dan meningkatkan nilai rasio C/N dari ampas biogas. Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam 3 tahap. Tahap pertama dilakukan preparasi sampel, yaitu dengan memisahkan sampel ampas biogas menjadi padat dan cair. Tahap kedua menganalisa sampel ampas biogas untuk mengetahui unsur N, P, K, dan C dan tahap ketiga penamahan bahan aditif (Karbon dari tempurung kelapa, ampas tahu dan kotoran kambing) untuk meningkatkan unsur C dan N. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan sebelum sampel ditambahkan bahan aditif nilai C 6,83 % dan setelah penambahan bahan aditif karbon (1;3) : 20,28% ; ampas tahu (1:2) : 16,48% ; dan kotoran kambing (1:2) : 18,64%, sedangkan untuk nilai N sebelum ditambahkan bahan aditif 0,1 % dan setelah penambahan bahan aditif karbon (1:3) : 0,216% ; ampas tahu (1:2) : 0,014% ; dan kotoran kambing (1:2) : 1,123%. Dapat disimpulkan untuk penambahan C dan N terbaik dengan penambahan karbon (1:3) : 20,28% dan kotoran kambing (1:2) : 1,123%. ABSTRACTBiogas waste always leave faces that make bad smell if we throw to another place without the next processing. The purpose from this research to know how to make waste organic and increase ratio value C/N from waste biogas. This research has 3 steps. The first step is sample preparation such as separate the waste biogas sample become solid and liquid. The second step is analyze waste biogas for knowing the element N, P, K, and C and the third step is adding the material addictive ( Carbon from coconut shell, waste of tofu and goat feces) to increase the element C and N. From the result of research obtained before the sample added addictive material the value of C 6,83 % and after adding material addictive Key Word : Biogas, organic fertilizer, the rasio C/N
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