The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of livelihood capitals on smallholder farmers’ food security. This study employed cross-sectional data from 300 smallholder farmers in the Malang Regency of East Java, Indonesia. The household food expenditure and food consumption score (FCS) were applied to assess farmers’ household food security status. Furthermore, the data were analyzed using multiple linear regression to estimate the effect of livelihood capitals on food expenditure, and an ordered probit regression model was used to assess the effect of farmers’ livelihood capitals on FCS. The average farmers' food expenditure was about 68.124 USD per month; using FCS status, 12.33% of respondents were categorized as poor with an FCS of less than 21.5, 67.00% were categorized as borderline with an FCS score of 21.5 to 35, and 20.67% were categorized as acceptable with an FCS of more than 35. The result indicated that social capital (farming group, relations, social activity, and market information) was the most essential variable affecting household food as measured by expenditure as well as FCS, followed by human capital (education, experience, and family labor), financial capital (access to credit), and physical capital (agricultural storage and market distance). These findings suggest that there is a need to improve social access, farmers' abilities, and the agricultural infrastructure of smallholder farmers to enhance their food security.
Non-cognitive skills play an essential role in economic development because they help determine the adoption of technological innovations, such as information and communication technology (ICT). However, evidence of the influence of non-cognitive abilities on ICT adoption in Indonesia is limited. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the role of non-cognitive skills in ICT adoption in Indonesia. This study employed the big five personality traits to measure individuals’ non-cognitive abilities. Using the national representative data from the Indonesian family life survey, the probit regression analysis was applied to analyze the role of non-cognitive skills on ICT adoption. The findings show that openness and extraversion can significantly increase ICT adoption. Meanwhile, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and neuroticism show a negative and significant influence. The disaggregate analysis based on gender and location shows different results. The findings in this study have shown that policymaking needs to consider the roles of non-cognitive skills. This finding implies that non-cognitive skills, such as the big five personality traits, should be considered in the formulation of the economic development policy.
<span lang="EN-US">The storage of fresh agricultural products is a combinatorial problem that should be solved to to maximize number of items in the storage and also maximize the total profit without exceed the capacity of storage. The problem can be addressed as a knapsack problem that can be classified as NP-hard problem. We propose a genetic algorithm (GA) based on sub-population determination to address the problem. Sub-population GA can naturally divide the population into a set of sub-population with certain mechanism in order to obtain a better result. GA based on sub-population is applied by generating a set of sub-population which is happened in the process of initializing population. A special migration mechanism is developed to maintain population diversity. The experiment shows GA based on sub-population determination provide better results comparable to those achieved by classical GA.</span>
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