The current costs associated with moderate and severe COPD are considerable and will increase in the future. Appropriate use of medications and strategies to prevent hospitalizations for AECOPD may reduce COPD-related costs because these were the major cost drivers.

Introduction: Low-Dose Computed Tomography (LDCT) is the widely accepted standard for screening of individuals at high risk of lung cancer (LC). However, LDCT has several limitations including the high prevalence of non-malignant pulmonary nodules detected leading to overdiagnosis, the potential harms of cumulative radiation dose and poor adherence to recommended follow-up. Therefore, novel blood-

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