Perceptual adaptation, a fundamental property of all sensory systems, functions to attenuate neural and perceptual responses to sustained or redundant stimulation as a means of limiting neural saturation and of enhancing the detection of new transient stimuli. While our understanding of the complex physiological mechanisms underlying adaptation has grown in recent years, how these processes are affected by individual odorant properties remains unclear. Recent data from our laboratory demonstrate that the onset time course of perceptual odor adaptation can be estimated by use of a simultaneous‐odorant‐stimulus paradigm, where the delay from the onset of a relatively long‐duration adapting odorant to the onset of a brief target odorant is varied. Adaptation was observed as an increase in threshold with increasing adapting‐to‐target‐odorant onset delay. Using this technique, we compared the estimated onset time course for four common odorants (vanilla extract, coconut extract, vinegar and propanol). Thresholds were estimated for a brief target odorant presented during a simultaneous adapting odorant in a group of college‐aged student volunteers (n = 124; 88 females). Onset of adaptation for the vanilla and coconut mixtures was more rapid than for vinegar and propanol, though the asymptotic levels (approximately 400 ms) of adaptation were similar for coconut extract, vanilla extract and vinegar. In contrast, propanol did not reach asymptotic levels within the 1,000‐ms timeframe. Considering propanol is a pure alcohol, relative differences in trigeminal reactivity may partially explain this variance in adaptation contours. Practical Applications A method for capturing rapid changes in response to odor adaptation is described. The automated method can be reliably used to compare both the magnitude and time course for a wide range of stimuli. The technique may be reproduced to evaluate how individual olfactory sensitivity changes in response to prolonged stimulation. Importantly, this procedure can be used to assess shifts in odor perception on rapid timescales – in the 50–100‐ms range, rather than seconds or minutes.
Herpes zoster is an infection resulting from the reactivation of dormant varicella zoster virus (VZV) in a posterior dorsal root ganglion. It affects 50% of immunocompromised patients and, when the viral infection persists, it can lead to a process known as disseminated varicella zoster virus (dVZV). Here we discuss a case of a bullous presentation of VZV with a rapid evolution of disseminated herpes zoster in an immunocompromised patient. Maintaining a broad differential diagnosis is necessary for early diagnosis and treatment of atypical presentations of herpes zoster, which is imperative to avoid increasing morbidity and mortality.
A Cleft is a congenital abnormal space or gap in the upper lip and palate. Although plastic surgery has made great advances in the area of cleft surgery, aesthetical corrections of the decient columella and nasal cartilages were difcult. presurgical naso-alveolar molding (PNAM) at an early stage is used to reduce soft tissue and cartilaginous deformity. This article presents a case report of a 6-day-old baby boy with a left-sided unilateral incomplete cleft lip and palate, with no signicant medical history or any associated systemic illness. He was referred with the primary need for a feeder plate. The width of the cleft was measured from the base of the alveolus on one side to the other and was approximately 7 mm. The nal impression was made with a custom tray. NAM appliance was fabricated and inserted in the patient's mouth. Orthodontic wire of 21 gauzes was used for wire bending to support the acrylic forming a nasal bulb. In 2 months, the followup patient was recalled at each 15 days intervals for 1 and a half months for activation and modication of the plate to gradually approximate the alveolar segments. After 2 months of follow-up, it was shown that the cleft palate gap was reduced to 3mm from 7mm. PNAM allows overall improvement in the aesthetics of nasolabial complex in cleft conditions and minimizes the extent and the numbers of surgery. The cleft deformity was signicantly reduced in size with the NAM therapy in the present case
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