Background: Dermatophytes are a group of closely related fungi that have the capacity to invade keratinized tissue (skin, hair, and nails) of humans and other animals to produce an infection. Infection by this fungi are restricted to the non-living cornified layers as they lack the ability to penetrate the deeper tissues of immuno competent hosts. The great variation in clinical presentation is related to the involved species of fungus, size of the inoculum, involved site and immune status of the host. There are three genera of dermatophyte fungi: Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton based on microscopic features. Each genus is characterized by a specific pattern of growth in culture and by the production of macroconidia or microconidia. The Trichophyton species usually infect the skin, hair and nails. Microsporum species infect the skin and hair but not the nails. Epidermophyton species infect the skin as well as nails but not hair. This study was carried out to determine the etiological agents in different forms of dermatophytosis and to compare the various laboratory techniques in the diagnosis of dermatophytosis. Materials and method: The study was conducted at the department of Microbiology, Srinivas Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Mangalore, India. 270 specimens obtained from clinically suspected cases of dermatophytoses between December 2017 to December 2019 were included in the study. The samples included skin scraping, nail clipping and plucked hair. The specimen was then subjected to Microscopic examinations like KOH, PAS, and Calcofluor white stain and Culture on SDA, SDA with Chloramphenicol and DTM. Results: Male patients infected were found to be 48.88% and female patients were 51.11%. The most common affected age group was 21-30 years (25.1%). More than 92.59% of samples were from Tinea unguium. Fungi was demonstrated in 31.85% of cases, by KOH wet mount, 41.48% by calcofluor white stain and 49.62% by PAS. Out of 135 specimens, 48 specimen yielded growth giving 35.55% culture positivity on SDA with chloramphenicol. Conclusion: A success rate of 41.48% was achieved for detecting fungal elements by microscopy as compared to culture. PAS Stain shows high reliability and sensitivity for detecting onychomycosis compared to KOH and mycological culture. PAS and the culture combination is superior to combined KOH and culture for detection of dermatophyte infection. Ninety six isolates were obtained from 270 patients which shows the prevalence of the isolate in and around Mangalore
BACKGROUND Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) has become a significant global public health problem. The resistance to β-lactam antibiotics in E. coli further adds to the problem. The pattern of drug resistance among E. coli undergoes considerable variation and consequently the treatment of Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) requires constant updating of the antibiotic sensitivity profile. The study was thus undertaken to know resistance pattern of E. coli isolates with special reference to production of extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) in urinary samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a three-year (2015-2017) retrospective descriptive study undertaken in Srinivas Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Mukka, Mangalore. Standard culture techniques for urine samples were followed. Antibiotic sensitivity test was done by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and interpretation was done following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. ESBL detection was done by NCCLS phenotypic confirmatory combination disc diffusion method using ceftazidime (30 μg) alone and ceftazidime + clavulanic acid (30 μg/ 10 μg). RESULTS E.coli is the most frequent isolate found in UTI (65.4% of total isolates) throughout three years. The overall resistance pattern of E.coli exhibited highest resistance against ampicillin (95%) and amoxyclav (83.3%) with rising trend in resistance to Cephalosporins and Quinolones in three successive years. The rising trend in ESBL production rate was observed from 27.3% (2015) to 39.4% (2017) with least resistance against meropenem (9.9%), piperacillin/ tazobactam (10%), nitrofurantoin (11.4%) and amikacin (12.1%). It was also observed that > 50% of ESBL producing E. coli isolates exhibited resistance against cotrimoxazole and Quinolones. CONCLUSION The incidence of the ESBL producing E. coli has been steadily increasing over the past few years. The knowledge on the resistance pattern in a geographical area will help in guiding the appropriate and the judicious use of antibiotics.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.