Background: Transdermal delivery of drug is promising but challenging system is available for local as well as systemic effect of drug. The prolonged residence of drug formulation in the skin is important for transdermal drug delivery. Objective: The objective of the present investigation was to develop a nanogel with reduced particle size in order to improve the bioavailability of the anti-inflammatory drug, Diclofenac sodium. Methods: The present study is to formulate nanosizes dispersion of diclofenac sodium by emulsionsolvent diffusion method and incorporation of gelling agent to produce nanogel. The formulation are characterized for particle size ranging from 100-400 nm. A drug named diclofenac sodium used in rheumatoid disorders and chronic inflammatory diseases. Results: Glycerol: Water (20:80) co-solvent system is selected for preparing diclofenac sodium nanogels using different polymers and has better permeability coefficient than alcohol: water co-solvent. Permeation through cellophane membrane was carried using 0.9% w/v sodium chloride using receptor fluid in franz diffusion cell (1.74 cm 2 ). Gels containing diclofenac sodium with eudragit polymer shown better permeability coefficient. Conclusion: Diclofenac sodium nanogels formulated using carbopol with permeation enhancer has shown better flux enhancement in comparison with nanogels formulated using HPMC and methyl cellulose. It has been concluded that diclofenac sodium nanogels using carbopol 940 as gelling agent and Eudragit S-100 has shown better flux enhancement with propylene glycol as permeation enhancer.

Advancement in nanotechnology has unleashed the therapeutic potentials of dietary polyphenols by enhancing bioavailability, improving biological half-life, and allowing site-specific drug delivery. In this review, through citation of relevant literature reports, we discuss the application of nano-pharmaceutical formulations, such as solid lipid nanoparticles, nano-emulsions, nano-crystals, nano-polymersomes, liposomes, ethosomes, phytosomes, and invasomes for dietary polyphenols. Following this, we highlight important studies concerning different combinations of nano formulations with dietary polyphenols (also known as nanophytopolyphenols). We also provide nano-formulation paradigms for enhancing the physicochemical properties of dietary polyphenols. Finally, we highlight the latest patents that were granted on nano-formulations of dietary polyphenols. Based on our review, we observe that nanosized delivery of herbal constituents, spices, and dietary supplements have the ability to improve biological processes and address issues connected with herbal treatments.

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In recent years, herbal drugs have flourished as the method of rehabilitation of choice in numerous parts of the world and most of populations consider them as alternative conventional medicaments. However, most of the herbal drugs show poor solubility and bioavailability, which ultimately leads to diminished efficacy and frequency of administration. Consequently, self-emulsifying drug delivery system has been highlighted for poor water-soluble herbal medicaments. Self-emulsifying drug delivery system is an isotropic mixture of phytoconstituents, oil, surfactant, and cosurfactant, and subsequent to oral administration spontaneously endures self-emulsification and forms without emulsion as soon as it comes in contact gastric fluid. Most of the researchers and industrialists are attracted towards this novel and emerging technology as it offers various advantages. The chapter focuses on the mechanism of self-emulsifying, benefits of herbal SEDDS, factors affecting herbal SEDDS with formulation and characterisation of it.

Objective: The present study gives emphasis on the development of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) of poorly water-soluble drug using Apelblat model. Methods: For the development of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) solubility in surfactant, co-surfactant and in oil phase are considered as an important key to avoid phase separation and precipitation after dilution. The solubility of quetiapine fumarate was determined by the isothermal mechanical shaking method for its individual components in the temperature range from 305.15 to 330.15K was measured. The experimental mole fraction solubility of quetiapine was good correlated with calculated data by using modified Apelblat model. Prepared SNEDDS were evaluated in centrifugation, freeze-thaw cycle study, self-nanoemulsification efficiency test. Physicochemical properties of prepared SNEDDS including particle size, zeta potential, viscosity and refractive index were carried out.Results: The equilibrium saturated and mole fraction solubility of Quetiapine fumarate was found to be high in tween80 than SNEDDS, Labrafac lipophile WL 1349 and capryol 90. Quetiapine fumarate equilibrium saturated solubility, as well as mole fraction solubility, was found to be increased with increase in temperature in SNEDDS as well as in its individual components Prepared SNEDDS was found to be highly stable at centrifugation, heating and cooling cycles and freeze-thaw cycles and shows no sign of precipitation after dilution in water. All physicochemical parameters were observed within specification including droplet size observed as 26.37 nm, polydispersity index 0.0970, zeta potential-14.69 and the refractive index was observed as 1.458 which was nearer to the refractive index of water indicating the isotropic behavior of prepared SNEDDS.Conclusion: The solubility study could be an effective approach for the development of thermodynamically stable SNEDDS formulation of poorly soluble drugs using Apelblat model.