Due to rapid urbanization and industrialization, water demand has increased worldwide. The availability of potable water is becoming more difficult in the global scenario. Hazardous pollution disposal by the industries to the nearest stream and search for the facile environmentally friendly technologies capable of treating these pollutants become more challenging. Effluent disposal consisting of the dyes without proper pre-treatment adversely affects the aquatic life and ecological system as they are carcinogenic and highly toxic. Dyes in the water are becoming a significant problem in the current scenario and attracted many researchers to research the current topic. Even though the conventional treatment options are available for treating polluted water, still they are not enough for the demand and supply. Thus, new state-of-the-art technologies are required to meet the demand and supply. Titanium dioxide nanofibers synthesized by electrospinning techniques have proven to be new nanomaterials gaining prominence in science. Several researchers are using these fibres by fabricating them into a thin film for pollutant removal and water treatment. They are gaining much importance as they perform best in treating water containing both organic and inorganic loads. The present review provides insights into the background and the origin of the electrospun nanofibers and preparation mechanisms. Further, we identified 25 widely used titanium dioxide electrospun nanofibers with various combinations in removing the dyes from the aqueous medium.
Contemporary consumption patterns are observed to be ever-growing leading to aggravated social and environmental problems. In order to achieve sustainable development and economic growth, a reduction in ecological footprint through changes in production and consumption of goods and resources is to be bought. In fact, the 12th goal of sustainable development aims at the same. This has made several researchers carry out studies on sustainable production and consumption, which have identified two distinct points, one being focused on the promotion of effective production methods and products while the other is emphasizing the need for considering volumes of the overall distribution, consumption issues, along with related institutional and social reforms. Furthermore, responsible consumption and production behaviors include intricate forms of social and environmental issues which are in line with sustainability. This chapter focuses on the need for sustainable responsible consumption and production, detailing the barriers and also providing measures to attain the same.
It is perceived that contemporary agricultural practices are impairing natural nutrient cycling, leading to unsustainable soils. The effects include loss of nutrients from the soil and loss due to erosion. Significant public concern has been raised during the last decade over the products from conventional agriculture. Researchers, governments, farmers, and people are constantly in search of healthier methods for producing food. Organic farming has been gaining attention in these lines as it is perceived to be good for the health of humans and the environment along with providing quality produce. Organic farming still has to emerge from the substantial challenges it is facing towards becoming a prime source for food and fiber in the long term. The chapter aims to identify the challenges of organic farming and review the available techniques towards transforming current farming methods to organic farming, making them resilient along with protecting the environment and human health.
Climatic conditions, precise relief features, variations of soil, flora cover, socio-economic conditions together lead to torrential flood waves as a result of current soil erosion processes. Erosion and torrential floods are aggravated due to over exploitation of agricultural and forest land along with urbanization. Effects of soil erosion include nutrient loss, land use changes, reduced productivity, siltation of water bodies, among other effects like affecting livelihood of marginal communities dependent on agriculture globally and public health. Nearly 11 million km2 of soil is impacted by erosion precisely by water. Other factors like intensified agriculture and climate change contribute to and aggravate the erosion rate. Contemporary torrential floods are characterized by their increased destruction and frequency unlike the pre-development periods when their occurrence was rare. The focus of this review is to compile and aid as a data base for understanding methods of preventing erosion of soil and torrential floods as put forth by various researchers.
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