One of the main objectives of Smart grid is to provide service that is reliable, secure and efficient. As a part of smart grid it is very essential to evaluate each and every element separately in the grid level to ensure reliable operation of the grid. In this paper, distribution transformer (DTR) requirements for smart grid have been considered. Distribution transformer is one of the most important elements of electrical distribution network.For smart grid to operate efficiently there is a need for smartening the transformers, which are the hub for collection and distribution of energy. As part of the distribution network, there are millions of distribution transformers in the national network that do not have any monitoring and communication capabilities. Smartening the transformers will require development and deployment of wide range of technologies. This paper attempts to present the features needed in distribution transformers to realize a smarter grid. Required technologies to transform the present day distribution transformers to smart transformers are discussed. Analysis has been carried out on the performance requirements and evaluation of distribution transformers when they are integrated to grid level. Some applications of wireless sensors and communication to enhance condition monitoring and maintenance practices in the distribution grid are recommended.The paper also studies compliance needed to the existing standards such as IEC 60076-7 [3].
SEP 2 9 fl97 @WI IThis report has been reproduced directly from the best available copy. This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or ABSTRACTThis report contains additional information for use by the U.S. Department of Energy in makiig a determination on proposing energy conservation standards for distribution transformers as required by the Energy Policy Act of 1992. An earlier determination study by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory determined that cost-effective, technically feasible energy savings could be achieved by distribution transformer standards and that these savings are significant relative to other product conservation standards. This study was documented in a final report, Determination Analysis of Energy Conservation Standards for Distribution Transformers (ORNL-6847, July 1996). The energy conservation options analyzed in this study were estimated to save 5.2 to 13.7 quads fiom 2000 to 2030. The energy savings for the determination study cases have been revised downward for a number of reasons. The transformer market, both present and future, was overestimated in the previous study, particularly for dry-me transformers, which have the greatest energy-saving potential. Moreover, a revision downwards of the effective annual loads for utility-owned transformers also results in lower energy savings. The present study assesses four of the five conservation cases from the earlier determination study as well as the National Electrical Manufacturers Association energy efficiency standard NEMA TP 1-1996 using the updated data and a more accurate disaggregated analysis model. According to these new estimates, the savings ranged from 2.5 to 10.
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