This research has succeeded in developing a Lead (II) -Ion-selective electrode (Pb 2+ -ISE) sensor based on poly-tetrahydro furfuryl acrylate (pTHFA) films free plasticizers utilizing photo-polymer technique. The Pb 2+ -ISE has a performance that includes a linear range of 0.1-10 −5 M, Nernstian number 26.5-29.8 mV/dec and LOD 3.24-3.98 (× 10 −6 ) M, where the optimum composition between KTpClPB lipophilic salt with leads (IV) ionophore is 1:1 mole ratio. The Pb 2+ -ISE sensor also shows a relatively good selectivity value (Log K pot a,b ) against several interfering ions including K + −6.5 ± 0.3, Na + −6.2 ± 0.1, NH 4 + −6.7 ± 0.1, Mg 2+ −12.7 ± 0.2, Cu 2+ −4.2 ± 0.5 and Cd 2+ −6.1 ± 0.2, where the response of the Pb 2+ -ISE sensor is stable at pH 3-8. In this study, the Pb 2+ -ISE sensor shows validation test results that are comparable to measurements using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) devices using artificial solutions and real sample. The results of testing with artificial solutions successively produced Pb 2+ concentrations of 9.5 ± 0.3, 52.5 ± 1.7, and 100.8 ± 2.5 ppm, while for real samples the Cisadane river was 0.0025 ± 0.45 ppm and the refueling station was 18.15 ± 16.74 mg/kg soil sample.
Separator produksi adalah sebuah bejana bertekanan yang digunakan untuk memisahkan fluida yang berasal dari sumur produksi ke dalam fasa cairan dan fasa gas. Dalam pembuatannya, separator produksi tidak dibuat secara masal, dikarenakan karakteristik sumur produksi yang berbedabeda antara sumur produksi yang satu dengan yang lainnya. Hal ini mengakibatkan berbedanya spesifikasi separator produksi yang digunakan. Sehingga setiap pembuatan separator produksi harus dilakukan proses perancangan. Proses perancangan yang dilakukan adalah membuat gambar desain bejana tekan dengan menggunakan software Autocad, dilanjutkan meghitung ketebalan material menggunakan software PV Elite dan menganalisa tegangan longitudinal dan circumferential
The As-Cast condition of Hadfield alloy usually contains (Fe, Mn)3C carbides around the austenitic grains, which promote brittleness, making the steel impractical in industry. Heat treatment is normally applied to reduce carbide content, lower carbides, and improve toughness. However, a complete austenitic structure is not attainable during solution treatment. The dissolution temperature and dissolution time are critical to obtaining complete carbide content. Furthermore, heating must be done slowly, and the quenching speed must be fast enough. This study examines the effect of heat rate and austenitization temperatures in the solution treatment on the microstructure and hardness of Hadfield steel. The heat rate of 3, 6 and 10 oC/min is selected to determine whether there is a change in the microstructure of Hadfield steel. The four austenitization temperatures of 1000, 1100, 1150 and 1200 oC are used to ascertain carbide dissolution into the austenite matrix. Grain boundary, hardness, and phase transformation will confirm the microstructural change and hardness properties. The optical microscope shows carbide content is reduced as the austenitization temperature increases. The consequence of carbide dissolution affects the hardness. Its hardness decreases as temperature increase due to the loss of carbide. The as-Cast specimen has the highest hardness of 227.8 HV30, and the lowest hardness is 176.7 HV30 belongs to a specimen that is heated up to 1200 °C and quenched into water. Grain size is measured by the line intercept method, which shows its increase as temperatures increase. The result of grain measurement is as follows: As-Cast 224.6 mm, T 1000 °C 323.3 mm, T1100 °C 409.2 mm, T1150 °C 1014.4 mm, T1200 °C 881.6 mm. SEM-EDS confirms that the main phase is austenite, and a small amount of carbide is detected in the austenite matrix.
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