Background: The instrumentation technique which produces least amount of apically extruded debris is desirable to use in biomechanical preparation of root canal. Aim: To quantitatively evaluate apically extruded debris during instrumentation with hand K-file, ProTaper Next, and WaveOne. Materials and Methods: Forty-five extracted human single-rooted mandibular premolars with straight, single canal and single apical foramen were selected after radiographic evaluation and divided equally into three groups. Cleaning and shaping was done using hand K-files in step-back technique, ProTaper Next, and WaveOne single-file system. Debris extruded apically was collected into Eppendorf tubes and stored in an incubator at 37°C temperature for 5 days for drying. Weight of dry debris was measured using electronic microbalance with an accuracy of 10 −5 g. Statistical Analysis: Student's t -test, with P value < 0.05 is statistically significant. Results: Statistically significant ( P < 0.05) amount of debris was extruded by all three instrumentation systems: hand K-file- 1.9220 mg, ProTaper Next- 1.4940 mg, and WaveOne- 0.9940 mg. Least amount of debris produced by WaveOne was statistically significant ( P < 0.05) when compared with the other two systems. Conclusion: The WaveOne reciprocating system extruded least amount of debris in comparison to hand K-file and ProTaper Next.
30.20 ± 3.36, 24.81 ± 3.52 and 72.08 ± 7.01 for corresponding estrus period.
Background: Salivary pH plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of various oral diseases and conditions. Chewing of areca nut and various tobacco products changes salivary pH. Aim: The aim of the study was to measure the effect of habitual chewing of areca nut and various tobacco products on salivary pH. Materials and Methods: The present study included 360 individuals (chewers and nonchewers) of age group between 20 and 30 years who visited the Outpatient Department of Hi-Tech Dental College and Hospital. The patient's salivary pH was measured with the help of a digital pH meter before and after chewing areca nut and various tobacco products. Results: It was observed that, in all the groups of chewers, pH decreased after chewing except in the gutkha and lime chewing group, where pH increased (pH before chewing was 7.43 ± 0.41 and after chewing was 7.51 ± 0.399), the difference was strongly significant ( P < 0.001). pH was found to be less in lime and tobacco chewers (6.83 ± 0.33) and more in tobacco, betel nut, and lime chewers (7.50 ± 0.41) in comparison to other groups before chewing; the difference was strongly significant ( P < 0.001). In the mean ± standard deviation, increase in pH was found among chewers (7.32 ± 0.49) as compared to nonchewers (6.99 ± 0.14), which is the control group, and the data were statically significant ( P < 0.001). Conclusion: pH is altered in areca nut and various tobacco chewers, rendering the oral mucosa vulnerable to the toxic effects of areca nut and various tobacco products.
Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the association of root canal microorganisms red complex and E. facealis with endodontic clinical signs and symptoms using polymerase chain reaction. Materials and Methods: Bacterial samples were obtained using sterile paper points from the teeth of 100 subjects divided into two groups; Group I: 50 individuals with primary tooth infections and Group II: 50 individuals with failed endodontic treatment having the secondary infection. DNA extracted from samples was analyzed for endodontic pathogens by using species-specific primers. Results: The pain was noticed in 66%, (33 of 50 subjects) in primary infection and 60% (30 of 50) in a secondary infection. A statistically significant association between pain and E. faecalis bacteria observed both in primary infection and secondary infection ( P < 0.05). Tenderness on percussion was associated with 40% cases in Group I and 70% cases in Group II. The red complex accounted for 94% of cases associated with tenderness on percussion in primary infection while 86% of cases associated with secondary infection with a statistically significant association ( P < 0.05). Conclusion: Prevalence of red complex bacteria and E. faecalis suggested the association of studied bacteria with symptomatic infected pulp and periradicular diseases.
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