One of the problems of modernizing multimodal transportation of goods in post-Soviet countries is the optimization of the transport supply chain. This requires, in particular, a software package that is to be adapted to local conditions, to the expanded set of risks and the need, in general, to perform optimization on the base of fuzzy data. When choosing the objective function, it is necessary to take into account not only the cost of the specific option of route, the time of transportation, but also the degree of reliability of both the contractors and the infrastructure. For creating a mathematical model were used graph theory and fuzzy logic. Separate types of transport are considered as directed graphs. The set of directed graphs of modes of transport is a multidimensional graph, under the presence of connecting arcs between their nodes. These nodes represent the points of transshipment. The software package assesses the reliability of each section of the supply chain. The developed software package using the proposed mathematical model will allow improving multimodal transportation of goods.
Мінакова С.М. Вплив лібералізації авіаційної галузі на конкуренцію між аеропортами. Науково-методична стаття. Поступова лібералізація авіаційної галузі, скорочення державної присутності, обмеження державної підтримки, реформа регулятивних режимів призвели до швидких темпів зростання галузі та суттєвої зміни конкурентної ситуації. Новими тенденціями на ринку повітряних перевезень стало формування глобальних альянсів перевізників, швидкий розвиток бізнес-моделі бюджетних перевізників та агресивний вихід на ринок перевізників з Близького Сходу. Внаслідок цього утворилась нова конкурентна ситуація також для аеропортів в Європі, особливо для великих хабів. Конкуренція між аеропортами відбувається на трьох рівнях: конкуренція за обслуговування авіаційного перевізника, за обслуговування транзитного пасажиру, та безпосередньо за пасажирів, що прямують до або з аеропорту. В результаті в авіаційні галузі створилась багатошарова структура конкуренції, яка визначає економічні передумови розвитку галузі. Ключові слова: авіаційна галузь, аеропорт, конкурентна ситуація, державне регулювання, конкурентна політика, галузевий розвиток Minakova S.M. Influence of aviation industry liberalization on competition among airports. Scientific and methodical article. The gradual liberalization of the aviation industry, the reduction of the state presence, the restriction of state support, and the reform of regulatory regimes have led to rapid growth in the industry and a significant change in the competitive situation. New trends in the air transportation market have been the formation of global alliances of carriers, the rapid development of the business model of budget carriers and the aggressive entry into the market of carriers from the Middle East. As a result, a new competitive situation has also emerged for airports in Europe, especially for large hubs. Competition between airports takes place on three levels: competition for the service of an air carrier, for the service of a transit passenger, and directly for passengers travelling to or from the airport. As a result, a multi-layered structure of competition has been created in the aviation industry, which determines the economic preconditions for the development of the industry.
International regime for air transportation historically formed as a pattern of bilateral agreements of two states to allow air traffic between them. This regime is not incorporated into WTO regulations, including General Agreement on Trade in Services. The EU created Common Aviation Area to provide the multilateral approach for international flight liberalization and fair competition. But the rapid expansion of carriers from Gulf countries and Turkey revealed that the international regulation is not effective in controlling state support of any forms, including subsidies, to aviation industry. As the liberalization process of the aviation industry continues, the issue of competition regulation regimes in different countries directly affects the perspective of the industry development. As the carriers are represented mostly by private business, the airports remain under state ownership or control. The relations among them define the competitive situation in the market for national carriers and the industry as the whole. One of the priority task for the state policy for aviation industry support is not direct subsidies or other form of funding, but infrastructural development. To maximize consumer value and increase the international competitiveness the nation shall develop a network of airports to serve the local and international traffic with the high efficiency. The biggest airports of the country accumulate the most of the traffic and experiences jams in the schedule. But Ukraine, like France, does not have an integrated national program for airport network development, contrary to Great Britain. As Ukraine joins Common Aviation Area of the EU, Ukrainian carriers will have access to European routes but will face competition on domestic routes from European companies. The issue of quality and efficiency of airport services both to carriers and passengers will define the possibility of the country to use the positive tendency of air traffic growth into sustainable development of the aviation industry. One of the main factor for airport competitiveness is integration into local and national transport system to give passengers options for convenient and cheap transportation from and to an airport. The Largest European airports develop investment projects for rail transportation to terminals form cities and environments.
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