The conflict-related internal displacement in Ukraine since 2014, after the armed combats with Russian military forces backing the separatist administrations, as well as the occupation of Crimea by the Russian Federation have not been state-organized. They imply a range of personal choices depending on civil positions and destinations for resettlement; therefore, the affected persons get involved in the consequent practical discourses and decision-making processes. Based on the legislative acts and the international reports on internal displacement, the internal displacement due to the current hybrid war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine is compared with the first Russia-backed separatist conflicts after the collapse of the USSR—the wars in South Ossetia, in 1992, and in Abkhazia, in 2008. The internal displacement situations have been reviewed through their dynamic coordination patterns, with regard to non-equilibrium transitions, fluctuations, and adaptations triggered on the systemic, community, and personal levels, as well as to the expected durable solutions: integration, return, temporary resettlement. Therefore, we suggest, for further discussion, the patterns of bistability—for the internal displacement due to the Russo-Georgian wars of 1992 and 2008, characterized by an overfocus, in the practical discourses, on the return of the internally displaced persons (IDP), and metastability—for the conflict-related internal displacement in Ukraine, with both the return and local integration solutions creating the quasi-stable system.
The authors investigated the relevance of consequentialism in commercial space exploration as well as in the actively developing space market. The authors conclude that space expansion and colonization of space objects will lead to a revision of the foundational consequentialism provisions. Consequentialism, formed during the history of terrestrial civilization, loses its effectiveness under conditions of space commercialization. The basics of planetary thinking are different from those of cosmic thinking. Therefore, considering the meaning of the terms "cosmic expansion" and "colonization of the cosmos" through the existing theory of consequentialism faces serious contradictions. There is a range of problems that are not explored in modern philosophy and ethics due to the lack of an empirical basis for philosophical analysis.
The paper observes some myth-triggered communicative distortions caused by mass-media distribution of common stereotypes of the Other. Another focal point of the article is the variety of possible mechanisms for overcoming the myths which emerged in the Ukrainian context of the hybrid war. The transformation from reality to counter-reality has been considered in terms of norm-oriented actions of an individual (with the focus of sameness and wholeness of self-concept connected to reality). The latter is opposed to the projected and split identity of the "dividuum" or Subiectum Neglegens textually involved in creating practical concepts and ignoring or eliminating counter-real mythologemes of Russian World and Split while being engaged in civic and political discourses. Thus, constructive and destructive ignoring has been evaluated according to the effect on the communicative actors: ignoring differences is compared with ignoring on the basis of differences in the social reality-forming legal texts. The normative changes resulted from the introduction of the practical concepts into the legislative field are observed from the perspective of the problem of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Ukraine. This group of Ukrainians has been overcoming physical, legal and mental transposition from We-group to Other-or even Alien-group, and in some cases-to We-group again, as a result of an internal conflict of myth-based processes during the crisis identity shift.
In the article, the special aspects shaping the choice of internally displaced persons to integrate into a host community or return to the former place of residence are viewed in the context of protracted internal displacement triggered by Russia-backed armed conflict in eastern Ukraine. Due to the inaccessibility of the reliable data on the population of the temporarily occupied regions of Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts of Ukraine, the data on internally displaced persons and returnees from the sample of International Organization for Migration, 2018–2020, have been used to study the contexts of adaptation and return, such as reasons to integrate or go back to an unsafe environment. The author suggests an application of refrain (after Deleuzian ritournelle), as a unity of the aspects of chaos, abode, and escape, to the situation of internal displacement. The key observations make it possible to suggest that forming and change of localness imply either the ritournelle missed as a disrupted adaptation and return, or the ritournelle achieved when displaced newcomers become new locals in the host communities. Thus, localness is regarded as a dynamic characteristic that can be boosted or reshaped through treating the displaced persons as equals, in terms of benefits and burdens distribution, providing access to decision-making, and promoting the sense of belonging to a community. The study is also aimed at formulating the questions for future investigations of the group of returnees, and thus shaping the criteria for the assessment of future durable solutions and reintegration scenarios.
The conflict-inflicted protracted internal displacement situation in Ukraine is marked with social capital redistribution caused by mass and socially complicated influx of forced migration-affected persons into host communities, and restructuring of the latter. The study is based on the regional survey data provided in the UN Social Cohesion and Reconciliation Index for Eastern Ukraine, and National Monitoring System Reports on the Situation of Internally Displaced Persons, 2018-2019. The limitations of the discourse principle realization are viewed through the migration-related indicators of social capital, burden, and (in)visibility. There is also suggested a discussion of the policy-framing outcomes imposed by the imaginative contexts of “burden” and “social capital resource” being applied to newcomers in a host community; and the power implementation based on anopticism and panopticism as deviations of vulnerable groups visibility in the communities, as well as the groups being excluded from agenda-forming at the local level due to pseudoassimilation or state-imposed measures of control. In the article, there is outlined a project of Anopticism and Panopticism Index, AP Index, that is considered to contribute to understanding of visibility of the displaced persons, their access to decision-making, and sense of belonging to the community, as well as the common perspectives of newcomers and locals within a receiving community. This study is aimed at provoking discussion on including the indicators of vulnerable group visibility deviations, as well as social capital vs. burden, in the context of victimization counteracting, into the migration-related surveys.
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