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BACKGROUND: Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) has widely been used to isolate essential oil from various plant materials, but it has not been applied yet to extract essential oil from juniper berries. The main goals of the present work were to establish a model describing the extraction kinetics and the chemical composition of the essential oil obtained. RESULTS: A lower final essential oil yield from juniper berries was obtained by MAHD than by conventional hydrodistillation (HD). No significant differences in chemical compositions of the essential oils extracted by the two techniques were observed. The mechanism of both processes was the same and included fast (washing) and slow (diffusion) distillation of essential oil that occurred simultaneously. materials (areal parts of savory and thyme, fennel seeds and juniper berries) for both MAHD and HD that indicated its general importance. For the first time, the kinetic models of MAHD and HD were compared. Knowledge of the juniper berry essential oil yield and the extraction kinetics is of importance from the technological and economics points of view, while the chemical composition determines its use. CONCLUSION: The kinetic model involving simultaneous washing and diffusion of essential oil was verified for various plant

This paper deals with fractionation of the essential oil from juniper (Juniperus communis L.) berries by hydrodistillation (HD) and simultaneous hydrodistillation and rectification (SHDR) at atmospheric pressure. A rectification column was filled with the NORMAG packing A type and had 36 theoretical stages. In the present study, higher essential oil yield was obtained by HD (1.34 mass %) than by SHDR (1.17 mass %). However, mass fraction distributions of monoterpene hydrocarbons (MHs), oxygenated monoterpenes (OMs) and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (SHs), observed for the two separation methods, differed from each other. In the SHDR process increased contents of high volatile components (predominantly MHs) were obtained in the initial fractions as well as increased contents of low volatile components (dominantly SHs) in the last fractions. Also, this method increased the separation degree of OMs.

On construction with dimensions 15 x 5 x 2 m, conditions of temperature transmission and vegetables growth are examined. We have been cultivating pepper, cucumber, small cucumber, tomato, and lattice. Over ground heating has been used, consisting of one bent pipe with radius of 10 mm, in the shape of hairpin along the both sides of the construction. Underground heating consists of six pipes with radius of 20 mm on the depth of 350-400 mm. There have been measured the temperature inside construction, the temperature outside construction, the waterflow, and water temperature flowing into and out of the construction. The approximate heating flow factor K is determined by both the equation: heating balance equation and basic equation for temperature transmition. Vegetable growth has been watching during the period of time from March to November 2005.

Essential oils are aromatic, volatile, complex mixtures of various compounds, mainly hydrocarbons (monoterpene and sesquiterpene) and some oxygenated hydrocarbons. Juniper berry essential oil has wide application and high commercial value due to its considerable antimicrobial activities. It is used in medicine, food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry and veterinary medicine. Generally, it is obtained by hydrodistillation, technique for the extraction of substances which do not mix or mix very poorly with water and are unstable at their boiling temperatures. It provides high quality of essential oil and also represents a relatively simple, safe and environmentally friendly process. The variations in the chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from juniper berries at various distillation rates (3, 6 and 8 ml/min) and various mass ratio juniper berries?water (hydromodules - 1:3, 1:4 and 1:5) are presented in this paper. It is important to emphasize that the variations made influence only in quantitative (mass %), but not in qualitative chemical composition (no differences, same 58 components were detected in all experiments). To reflect those effects, only 23 identified components with the content higher than 0.5 mass % were selected, constituted 95?96 mass % of the essential oils. The major constituents of the essential oils were monoterpenes (67.39?71.00 mass %), followed by sesquiterpenes (21.64?24.54 mass %), while the oxygenated monoterpene (1.54?2.42 mas. %) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (0.89?1.46 mass %) were much less present. According to volatility, the high volatile (boiling point 153?167?C) components are the main constituents of the essential oils (61.69?63.81 mass %), followed by the low volatile (boiling point 252?288oC) components (22.57?26.04 mass %), and the least present medium volatile (boiling point 173?212?C) components (7.24?9.61 mass %). The variations in the mass content of the essential oil at various distillation rates showed clear general trends for all hydromodules (with exceptions at some components). With the increasing of distillation rate, mass % of high and medium volatile components decreased, while mass % of low volatile components increased. This is caused by higher extraction of low volatile components at high distillation rate, which resulted the increasing of their mass %. The variations in the mass composition of the essential oil at various hydromodules showed less expressive trends for all distillation rates. That means it has much less influence on the mass composition than the variation of distillation rate. Therefore, experiments at various distillation rates should be continued in combination with the fractionation of the essential oil by simultaneous hydrodistillation and rectification, including the effects of preparation procedures of juniper berries and defining of optimal energy consumption, i.e. optimal time period of hydrodistillation.

The separation in a batch vacuum column of essential oil of common juniper berries (Juniperus communis L., from the southern part of Serbia) was analyzed. The main goal of analyzed separation process was to isolate several fractions from the essential oil which mainly contain ?-pinene, sabinene and myrcene. These compounds contain about 65 mass% of essential oil produced by hydrodistillation from the Juniper berries originated from the southern part of Serbia. Results of experimental work in a laboratory column with 36 theoretical stages under vacuum (8-3.35 kPa) was simulated using Aspen software, and proposed mathematical model was used to analyze some other operating conditions for fractionation of juniper berry?s oil (number of plates: 25, 36 and 45 and reflux ratio: 2-10). According to the results of performed simulations the most acceptable separation procedure, which take into account the prices of raw materials and distillate (?-pinene) as well as consumed energy was proposed.