The article deals with the development of Arctic entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation. The development of the Arctic territories at the present stage is of increased interest to almost all world powers, since the Arctic region is becoming of strategic importance for strengthening the national security of states, so this issue is paying attention to both russian and foreign researchers. The main indicators of small business development in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation are analyzed. It is concluded that small business is developing unevenly across the Arctic regions of the Russian Federation. According to the level of small business development, there are two groups of territories. The first category includes the Nenets autonomous district, Yamalo-Nenets and Chukotka autonomous districts, where the development of the business sector is significantly lower than in other regions. The second group includes the Krasnoyarsk territory, Murmansk and Arkhangelsk regions, where Arctic entrepreneurship is well developed. This division explains the features of small business development, taking into account the natural-climatic, geographical and socio-economic features of the Arctic territories. Proposals aimed at the development of Arctic entrepreneurship and Arctic territories are formulated. Entrepreneurship in the Arctic zone is a necessary condition for the development of these territories. It is necessary to create small mobile points for the delivery of essential goods and services, provide services in the field of cultural and educational activities, provide additional educational services, and develop social and transport infrastructure. An important direction for the development of Arctic entrepreneurship can be an innovative sphere aimed at the production of goods and services that increase energy conservation. Additional measures are required to support entrepreneurship in this area, including programs for the development of business of indigenous minorities.
Various factors affect the development of small business. Among these are self-regulation and state regulation. The authors focus on the impact that self-regulation and state regulation have on small business, study their interrelation, and interplay in the infrastructural support for the small business development. Both self-regulation and state regulation have their own objectives, guiding principles, inherent functions, and a set of methods and tools to influence the development of small businesses. The authors conclude that, in present day Russia, the focus is on shifting from state regulation to self-regulation without providing additional conditions for development, which reduces the social efficiency of self-regulation. Self-regulation as an alternative to state regulation should be chosen based on the level of the social relations development in general and in the regulated area, in particular. Currently, the development of innovative small businesses as drivers in the economic development attracts much attention. Without state regulation of innovative processes, sustainable socio-economic development of Russia is almost impossible. The economic mechanism of control over the innovative business should include the infrastructure to favor the conditions for the development and introduction of innovative products by small enterprises; the regulatory framework to create equal conditions for business operations, considering the specifics of production and its priority for the region it takes place in; the HR-related matters to plan 42 business activities considering the professional competence of specialists and the ability to improve their skills. The transition to the innovative development path should include the possibilities of both self-regulation and the need for state regulation to form the conditions for a favorable innovative environment.
The system of tariff regulation in the Russian Federation has been experiencing improvements since the beginning of the transition period and up until today. The issues of tariff regulation are given particular attention to both in the Russian Federation and abroad. At the time, tariffs do not form subsequent to certain economic waves, but are in most cases described by an annual regulation cycle and a quite limited range of regulation with regard to the long-term horizon. The authors have analyzed average consumer prices (tariffs) for particular services along with producer price indices by types of economic activities and average annual producer prices for main energy resources in Russia over the last 20 years based upon the official statistical data. The authors conclude that it is necessary to introduce new ways of improving tariff regulation efficiency. Among the priority ways are the following: formation of an investment-worthy tariff and justification of the supporting tariff for crucial social projects; digital tariff modeling and etc. All these changes require methodological justification and further development of the variable supporting tariff theory in order to test new cyclic models of regulation matching the cyclic economy of the country.
The role of construction in the development of the economic system of the state, regardless of the level of development, population and other characteristics, can hardly be overestimated. Construction is one of the most important sectors of the economy, since no industry can function without new and reconstruction of existing facilities. The terminological analysis of the concept of “construction industry” has shown that domestic and foreign authors characterize this industry as an independent one, which is associated with the commissioning of new production and non-production facilities, which includes capital and current repairs of buildings and structures, as well as their reconstruction and restoration. An urgent problem for the population of Russia is the availability of housing. By Order No. 161-r of January 27, 2021, the Government approved the list of objects that should be financed under the federal Housing project of the state program “Providing affordable and comfortable housing and communal services to Citizens of the Russian Federation”. However, it should be noted that neither new programs to increase housing affordability, nor an increase in the pace of construction can fully solve the problem of housing shortage. In 2020, 1121.6 thousand new apartments with a total area of 82,2 million m2 were built in Russia at the expense of all sources of financing, which amounted to 100,2 % by 2019. In the North-Western Federal District of the Arkhangelsk region (without auth.) in 2020, it took the 5th place in terms of the total area of residential premises (351,8 thousand m2), which is 109,2 % by 2019. For the further development of the construction industry in the Arkhangelsk region due to the possible increase in the volume of construction of residential buildings, as well as due to the transition of construction companies to escrow accounts, it is necessary to reduce the cost of housing. The likely expectations from the introduction of escrow accounts are the impact on the volume of supply and the reduction of risks for buyers by transferring these risks to developers and banks.
For the purpose of sustainable development of small businesses, it is necessary to pay special attention to the formation of infrastructure for small businesses. This study uses an institutional approach which involves assessing the impact of formal and informal institutions on the development of small businesses. The author introduces the concept of the “frontier” institution as an institution, the operation of which is governed by the prescriptions of laws and established regulations, but the performance of certain functions is based on informal rules. This allows such an institution to more effectively perform the functions of a formal institution and makes it more capable and competitive in the market in a specific period of time. Furthermore, the study identifies the concepts of the institutional environment and institutional infrastructure. The author defines the institutional environment as a set of rules of conduct and institutional infrastructure as a set of institutions that form the rules of conduct and have an impact on small businesses. The impact is understood as the formation by institutional actors of rules of conduct that have incentive and disincentive effects on small businesses. This makes it possible to identify the causes of positive or negative deviations in the development of small businesses and to develop solutions aimed at solving the problems encountered. The article studies the organizational and economic mechanism that reflects the functioning of formal and informal institutions through which institutional infrastructure influences small businesses in order to achieve their goals.
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